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Cefuroxime
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Cefuroxime has been used in the treatment of acute otitis media and acute sinusitis (Ip et al., 2005; Brook, 2007). In one study, oral cefuroxime 250 mg every 12 hours was more effective than oral penicillin in eradicating group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) tonsillitis–pharyngitis (Adam et al., 2000). More recently, a meta-analysis involving 35 trials comparing cephalosporin with penicillin treatment of GABHS tonsillopharyngitis in children was carried out by Casey and Pichichero (2004); cefuroxime was statistically superior in clinical improvement and bacterial eradication of GABHS. As a group, the second-generation cephalosporins showed similarly higher bacterial cure rates. However, because of variable rates of resistance among S. pneumoniae and because of the introduction of the conjugated pneumococcal vaccines, both the prevalence of H. influenzae and proportion of beta-lactamase-producing H. influenzae extrapolated from middle ear fluid cultures of children with acute otitis medium have markedly increased (Casey et al., 2010). IDSA guidelines no longer recommend second-and third-generation oral cephalosporins for empiric monotherapy of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis, and amoxicillin–clavulanate is considered the first-line therapy in both children and adults (Chow et al., 2012).
Bacterial Meningitis
Published in Thomas T. Yoshikawa, Shobita Rajagopalan, Antibiotic Therapy for Geriatric Patients, 2005
proved to be superior to cefuroxime due to the former drug's more rapid killing of bacteria and sterilization of the CSF (30). Thus, more rapid bactericidal activity seems to be beneficial, resulting in fewer serious sequelae.
Clinical Assessment, Investigation and Treatment of Renal Disease in Africa: A Practical Guide for Primary Care Physicians
Published in Meguid El Nahas, Kidney Diseases in the Developing World and Ethnic Minorities, 2005
J. Plange-Rhule, J. B. Eastwood, F. P. Cappuccio
Infections (including urinary tract infections). In uncomplicated urinary tract infection, give oral ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily for 3 to 5 days. An alternative is a 5-day course of oral cefuroxime in a dose of 125 mg twice daily. It is useful to have the results of “dipstick” urine analysis before treatment because in patients who are not systemically unwell unnecessary treatment can be avoided by the finding of negative routine urine analysis.
Effects of antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of indoxyl sulfate, a nephro-cardiovascular toxin
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Shu-Shang Luo, Chung-Ping Yu, Yow-Wen Hsieh, Pei-Dawn Lee Chao, Douglas H. Sweet, Yu-Chi Hou, Shiuan-Pey Lin
Figure 2 depicts the mean serum concentration–time profiles of IS after an intravenous bolus of IS with and without ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, cefazolin and probenecid, individually. The pharmacokinetic parameters of IS after various treatments are listed in Table 1. The results indicated that ciprofloxacin (30 mg/kg) significantly increased the AUC0–t and T1/2 of IS by 272% and 491%, respectively, and decreased the Cl by 71%. However, the pharmacokinetic parameters of IS were not significantly affected by cefuroxime, cefotaxime, cefazolin and ofloxacin. As a positive control of OAT inhibitor, probenecid (50 mg/kg) significantly increased the AUC0-t and T1/2 of IS by 467% and 404%, respectively, and decreased the Cl by 89%.
Uptake and pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime in rabbits after intravitreal, intracameral, and topical dosing: relevance to human ocular injection of cefuroxime
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Ravi Kumar Jairam, Sadanand R. Mallurwar, Bhavesh B. Gabani, Ashok Zakkula, Vinay Kiran, Sreekanth Dittakavi, Suresh P. Sulochana, Zainuddin Mohd, Nuggehally R. Srinivas, Ramesh Mullangi
Richards et al. (1979) have unequivocally demonstrated the attainment of significant levels of cefuroxime in AH in the eye following IV or intramuscular administration of cefuroxime to patients that underwent routine cataract extraction procedure. Comparison of the human AH data after the parenteral administration of 1–1.5 g of cefuroxime (1 to 4 h) to our study results suggested that after a relatively small dose of cefuroxime given locally to the eye via IVT (100 µg) or IC (40 µg), a >10-fold higher tissue localization of cefuroxime in AH was evident in rabbits as compared to the human eye following parenteral administration of cefuroxime (Supplementary Figure 6). Based on the current findings, it appears that IC doses of 9 mg into human eye (Wong et al., 2015) may achieve significant concentrations of cefuroxime in the localized tissues including AH which may be sustained for a longer duration. Therefore, it is possible that such high localized concentrations of cefuroxime can prevent bacterial infections. However, it is likely such high localized concentrations of cefuroxime would be detrimental for the normal functioning of the eye as observed in the safety findings of reported studies (Kamal-Salah et al., 2017; Wong et al., 2015).
The effects of some antibiotics from cephalosporin groups on the acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes activities in different tissues of rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
Fikret Türkan, Zübeyir Huyut, Parham Taslimi, İlhami Gülçin
Antibiotics have been used for the total destruction of particular pathogenic bacteria in immunocompetent animals (Thu et al. 2012). This procedure, defined as elective decontamination, has been more significantly applied to rabbits, mice, rhesus monkeys, guinea pigs, and dogs, may be germfree by decontamination (Talpaert et al. 2011). Cefazolin is the first production of cephalosporin compounds, which is used as a therapy for extensive range of bacterial infections (Sun et al. 2012). They work by hampering the generation of the cell wall and belong to a class of antibiotics determined as bactericidal (Swann et al. 1969). The antibiotic can also be used as a therapy for bacterial infections comprising the urinary tract, respiratory tract, joints, bones, stomach (Tita et al.2009). Cefuroxime is efficient against an extensive variety of bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Lang et al. 1990). Cephalosporins slow or stop the growth of bacterial cells by hampering bacteria from generating the cell wall that sieges each cell (Monden et al.1986). Cefoperazone is active against Streptococcus pneumoniae and all beta-hemolytic streptococci and is comparatively inactive against enterococci and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (Chaudhary and Aggarwal 2004).