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Alzheimer's Disease (AD)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Acetyl-L-Carnitine: In studies, acetyl-L-carnitine slowed the rate of disease progression, improved memory, and improved some measures of mental function and behavior in some patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Acetyl-L-carnitine is more likely to help those with early-onset Alzheimer’s disease who are less than 66 years of age and have a faster rate of disease progression and mental decline.19,20,21 A typical dose was 1,500–3,000 mg/day in divided doses for 3 to 12 months.22
The Treatment of Hypertension with Nutrition, Nutritional Supplements, Lifestyle and Pharmacologic Therapies
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Human studies on the effects of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine are limited, with minimal to no change in BP [2–5,360–365]. In patients with metabolic syndrome, acetyl-L-carnitine at 1 g bid over 8 weeks improved dysglycemia and reduced SBP by 7–9 mmHg, but DBP was significantly decreased only in those with higher glucose levels [366]. Low carnitine levels are associated with a non-dipping BP pattern in type 2 DM [365]. The clinical role of carnitine in hypertension and CVD must be carefully evaluated as carnitine may increase trimethylamine oxidase (TMAO) via the gut microbiome which is associated with atherosclerosis and CHD [366]. Doses of 2–3 g twice per day are recommended if carnitine is used [2–5].
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Surekha Pendyal, Areeg Hassan El-Gharbawy
MCT intake has been associated with nausea and gastric distress, especially when first introduced. This can be minimized by starting with small doses and increasing the dose as tolerated. Carnitine supplementation has been associated with abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and body odor.
Effects of high-dose L-carnitine supplementation on diaphragmatic function in patients with respiratory failure: A randomized clinical trial
Published in Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia, 2023
Waleed Abdalla, Mona A. Ammar, Asmaa Ali, Dina Ragab, Mohamed Taeimah
Carnitine is a nutrient essential for the metabolism of fatty acids and their conversion into energy. The primary physiological function of L-carnitine is to move long-chain fatty acids from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial matrix, where they can be B oxidized[1]. Adequate intracellular carnitine concentrations are vital for optimal fatty acid metabolism in the human body, which uses fatty acids as an energy source. The highest levels of L-carnitine are seen in the skeletal muscles and myocardium[2]. Previous research has shown that L-carnitine supplements improve muscle performance. Nearly two-thirds of hemodialysis patients who experienced cramps, pain, or muscle weakness reported at least some improvement in their symptoms after L-carnitine treatment[3]. L-carnitine has also been found to increase low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in hemodialysis patients with cardiac morbidity[4]. Studies have also demonstrated that L-carnitine can enhance muscle performance and exercise capacity in athletes [5,6]. Jones et al. assessed the impact of small, medium, and large dose L-carnitine supplementation on organ function in septic shock. [7]
Metabolic and Metabolomic Effects of Metformin in Murine Model of Pulmonary Adenoma Formation
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Andrew C. Elton, Vannesa Cedarstrom, Arman Quraishi, Beverly Wuertz, Kevin Murray, Todd W. Markowski, Donna Seabloom, Frank G. Ondrey
Our analysis also identified alterations in L-carnitine, propionyl-L-carnitine, and 2-methylbutyrylcarnitine. The primary function of carnitine is the transport of fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane (74, 75). Due to its involvement in beta oxidation of fatty acids, it also plays a role in the regulation of free vs. esterified coenzyme A (CoA) levels (74). Houten et al. identified a temporary reduction in carnitine and acylcarnitine levels in metformin-treated diabetics (75). Interestingly, they found that carnitine levels returned to their pretreatment baseline by 36 h, post treatment. Studies on L-carnitine supplementation in rats have not found significant impact on body weight, though a study demonstrated exercise performance enhancement, which may contribute to weight changes. This may have a role in the observed weight trend in our study, though this may have been indirectly through enhanced fatty acid oxidation (76, 77). The esterified carnitine derivative, propionyl-L-carnitine was given to mice with diet-induced obesity, and they found improved insulin sensitivity and beneficial cardiovascular effects, both of which could indirectly contribute to our weight observation (78). There is limited research on metformin effects on carnitines and acylcarnitines, and this may warrant further investigation.
Clinical evidence of the effects of carnitine supplementation on body weight, glycemic control and serum lipids in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Dan Liao, Xiaomei Liu, Xiuying Yuan, Poling Feng, Zhiwei Ouyang, Yanyan Liu, Cuifen Li
Carnitine, an essential nutrient in β-oxidation of fatty acids, is the carrier of fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Carnitine is found mostly in animal foods including meat, fish, milk, and dairy products [11]. Studies also showed that the liver can synthesize the endogenous carnitine from lysine, methionine and ascorbate, niacin, pyridoxine, and Fe2+ [12]. Accumulating evidence has shown that carnitine plays a substantial role in weight loss, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and fatty acid metabolism due to its antioxidant effects [13,14]. In PCOS women, hyperinsulinemia and hyperandrogenemia were accompanied by low serum-free and total carnitine levels [15]. There have been several clinical trials investigating the potential role of carnitine supplementation in controlling metabolic parameters in patients with PCOS [16–18]. However, results are inconsistent and no meta-analysis has specifically pooled nor summarized. We, therefore, undertook a comprehensive meta-analysis to investigate the effects of carnitine supplementation on body weight, glycemic control, and serum lipids in patients with PCOS. The present study provides an insight into the potential clinical applications of carnitine in PCOS patients and may also be highlighted some suggestions for future research.