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Argentinian Wild Plants as Controllers of Fruits Phytopathogenic Fungi
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Wild Plants, 2020
María Inés Stegmayer, Norma Hortensia Álvarez, María Alejandra Favaro, Laura Noemí Fernandez, María Eugenia Carrizo, Andrea Guadalupe Reutemann, Marcos Gabriel Derita
The management of the disease in Argentina integrates application of fungicides with cultural measures, such as the removal of fruit mummies and the pruning of twigs with cankers to reduce inoculum levels. At present, management of M. fructicola with fungicides constitutes a challenge for several reasons (Mondino 2014). A high number of applications are required to protect flowers and fruits, taking into account the long susceptibility period for the infection. Fungicides, such as dithiocarbamates, which present low possibility to generate resistance, have long waiting periods, which make application at fruit maturity difficult. Other fungicides with shorter waiting periods show high risk of resistance build-up. Fungicide resistance between isolates of M. fruticola has been widely reported for several groups of fungicides, such as quinone outside inhibitor, dicarboxamides, benzimidazoles, and demethylation inhibitors (Tran et al. 2019). Furthermore, carbendazim-resistant isolates have been found in producing areas of Argentina (Mitidieri and Castillo 2014).
Environmental toxicants on Leydig cell function
Published in C. Yan Cheng, Spermatogenesis, 2018
Leping Ye, Xiaoheng Li, Xiaomin Chen, Qingquan Lian, Ren-Shan Ge
Carbamates are used as insecticides and fungicides. Maneb is a widely used fungicide in agriculture. Exposure of maneb (1 and 4 mg/kg BW/day, i.p.) for 9–18 days to male rats reduced testosterone production and CYP11A1 activity in Leydig cells.192 Carbendazim is a metabolite of benomyl, one of the most widespread environmental contaminants. Exposure to carbendazim (25 mg/kg BW/day) to male rats for 48 days significantly reduced testosterone levels and 3β-HSD and 17β-HSD3 activities without affecting serum LH levels.193 Exposure to carbendazim to rats also caused an increase in ROS production and the downregulation of Star mRNA levels. The addition of a flavonoid can prevent this, suggesting an ROS-inducing mechanism.194
Autofluorescence as a Parameter to Study Pharmaceutical Materials
Published in Victoria Vladimirovna Roshchina, Fluorescence of Living Plant Cells for Phytomedicine Preparations, 2020
Victoria Vladimirovna Roshchina
Among xenobiotics in plant cells, fluorescent pesticides may be found; for example, pesticidal carbamates acting on cholinesterases of both animals and plants (Addison et al. 1977). In addition, carbamates offer the possibility of determining their influence on cholinesterase activity. As early as 1992, Mueller and coworkers presented a list of fluorescent herbicides that could potentially be used in diagnostics. The fluorescence properties of 39 herbicides representing several major types of chemistry were determined. The fluorescence of analytical standards was measured in acetonitrile, acetonitrile + water, and acetonitrile + water + strong acid. Fourteen of the 39 herbicides fluoresced to some extent, and seven (bentazon, chloramben, difenzoquat, fluometuron, imazaquin, 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid [MCPA], and norflurazon) were identified as good candidates for further method development. Herbicides or their derivatives have been detected with spectrofluorometric methods in various matrices, including fluometuron and its metabolites in soil to 20 ng/g soil, asulam (methyl[(4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl]carbamate) in spinach, and glyphosate ((N-phosphonomethyl) glycine) and its metabolite in natural water. This technique has also been employed to identify other pesticides, such as the methylcarbamates in food, carbaryl (1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate) in honeybees or honey, and thiabendazole and carbendazim in various crops. The bipyridiniums fluoresced in acetonitrile very strongly. However, addition of water to the solutions of diquat and paraquat totally quenched the observed fluorescence. Additionally, diquat and paraquat are only very slightly soluble in acetonitrile (but very water soluble), and this would hinder method development. It should be noted that this method has not so far been used for histochemical analysis in plant cells in situ. Only chlorophyll fluorescence is recommended for analysis as a marker for herbicides (Dayan and de Zaccaro 2012).
Monitoring of pesticides residues in soil samples from the southern districts of Jordan in 2016/2017
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Mohammed H. Kailani, Tawfiq M. Al-Antary, Mahmoud A. Alawi
Table 6 shows concentrations, median, and range of the found pesticide residues in Ghor Al-Safi soil samples. Fourteen pesticides were detected in the analyzed soil samples which were cultivated at that time with different vegetables such as aubergines, tomatoes, alfalfa, beans, corn, broad beans, cabbage, onions, peppers, melons, bananas, courgettes, mallow, and okra. The five samples with the highest residue concentrations were detected for the following pesticides (mg/kg). Specifically, they were bifenazate (0.27), imidacloprid (0.25), metribuzin (0.15), carbendazim (0.15), and myclobutanil (0.14). Bifenazate is an acaracide and insecticide (Mullen and Durden 2002). Imidacloprid has been also detected and discussed as in Table 6. Metribuzin is an herbicide, and detected and discussed as in Table 6. Carbendazim is a systemic fungicide with broad-spectrum uses to control several plant diseases, particularly powdery mildew (Al-Antary 1996). Studies have found that high doses of carbendazim cause infertility and destroy the testicles of laboratory animals under experimental conditions (Aire 2005).
Interactive effect of carbendazim and imidacloprid on buffalo bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells: oxidative stress, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Harpreet Singh, Milindmitra Kashinath Lonare, Manjinder Sharma, Rahul Udehiya, Saloni Singla, Simrat Pal Saini, Vinod Kumar Dumka
Modern agriculture relies heavily on the use of pesticides to increase food production by controlling pest infestations. Among all the pesticides, insecticides and fungicides are extensively used in agriculture followed by herbicides and rodenticides (Damalas and Koutroubas 2017). Careless and poor techniques for applications of pesticides, adopted by the farmers, resulting in the accumulation of pesticide residues in foodstuffs in amounts above maximum residue levels that may harm plants and animals (Kumar 2004). Imidacloprid (IMI) is a neonicotinoid insecticide used to control sucking insects on plants and as an ectoparasiticide in companion animals (Caron-Beaudoin et al. 2017). It produces insecticidal action by acting as an agonist at the insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). It has a higher binding affinity for insect nAChRs as compared to mammals, which is responsible for its low mammalian toxicity (Arfat et al. 2014). Exposure to IMI may cause damage to the heart, liver, kidney, testis, and other organ systems and may lead to immunotoxicity in non-targeted animal species (Caron-Beaudoin et al. 2017, Chakroun et al. 2017). Carbendazim (CBZ) is a broad-spectrum benzimidazole fungicide that is commonly applied for plant fungal disease control. The use of CBZ has increased several folds in agricultural practices in recent years and reports have been documented about future consequences of CBZ on the animal testis, sexual maturity, development of the fetus, and hormonal regulation by directly acting on hypothalamic, pituitary, thyroid, and other endocrine glands (Cevik et al. 2017, Patil et al. 2018). Exposure to pesticides may produce an imbalance between endogenous antioxidants and reactive oxygen species (ROS), with a subsequent decrease in antioxidant defenses to trigger oxidative stress in biological systems, damage to tissues, inflammation, degenerative diseases, aging, and many more diseases (Valavanidis et al. 2006, Patil et al. 2018).