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Terpenes: A Source of Novel Antimicrobials, Applications and Recent Advances
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Nawal M. Al Musayeib, Amina Musarat, Farah Maqsood
Later, Turner and Elsohly (1981) investigated the biological properties of cannabichromene and its related compounds. The results of their study showed that these compounds exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. The cannabichromene and its homologs and isomers displayed strong antibacterial effects, whereas mild to moderate antifungal effects. Besides, this research group screened the antimicrobial potential of different cannabinoids towards fungi, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Among all these compounds, cannabichromene and cannabigerol, their homologs and isomers were found most active components against fungi and bacteria assayed (Eisohly et al. 1982). A study reports the isolation of nine new cannabinoids and three of them namely 8-hydroxycannabinol, 4-acetoxy-2-geranyl-5-hydroxy-3-n-pentylphenol, and 5-acetyl-4-hydroxycannabigerol exerted significant antifungal (C. albicans), antibacterial (MRSA and S. aureus) and antileishmanial (Leishmania donovani) potential, respectively (Radwan et al. 2009). Another study has shown that pure cannabidiol, cannabichromene, cannabinol, cannabigerol and cannabigerolic acid were more effective in reducing the colony count of bacterial strains associated with dental plaque in comparison to commercial oral care products (Stahl and Vasudevan 2020).
Phytoconstituent-Based Nanotherapeutics as Ocular Delivery Systems
Published in Mahfoozur Rahman, Sarwar Beg, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, Aftab Ahmad, Khalid S. Alharbi, Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery, 2022
Mohammed Jafar, Syed Sarim Imam, Syed Azizullah Ghori
A stimulus-amenable, in situ-forming, nanoparticle-laden hydrogel for controlled release of poorly bioavailable drugs into the aqueous humor of the eye has been established by Kabiri et al. (2018). A composite of HA and methylcellulose (MC) is used to formulate a hydrogel. Poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly (lactic acid) (PLA) are present in the amphiphilic nanoparticles. The hydrogel composition and nanoparticle content in the formulation, is recognized by an experimental design and the formulation accessibly switched between thixotropy and temperature-dependent rheo-pexy when it was examined in a rheometer under conditions that imitate the ocular surface, including blinking. These features need to assure that the formulation coats the cornea via blinking of the eyelid and eases for application of it as an eye drop instantly before the patient’s bedtime. We eventually, examined the efficacy of our formulation in whole-eye experiments through loading the nanoparticulate with cannabigerolic acid (CBGA). Above 300% enhancement in transcorneal penetration over control formulation has been established with our formulation. This research laids the basic way for introduction of new products targeting treatment of ocular diseases to the market.
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Long important as a fiber plant, oilseed, and legitimate medicinal plant, Cannabis is a multimillion dollar illegitimate business in the U.S. today, as a mild psychedelic fumitory. Marijuana is used to treat glaucoma and shows antibiotic activity (against Gram-plus bacteria). Cannabidiol, cannabigerol, cannabidiolic acid, and cannabigerolic acid are antibiotics.33 Seeds have been located in North European funerary censers as early as 5 centuries B.C. Emboden describes Cannabis rituals from many cultures.54
The minor cannabinoid cannabigerol (CBG) is a highly specific blood biomarker of recent cannabis smoking
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2023
John M. Rague, Ming Ma, Gregory Dooley, George Sam Wang, Kyle Friedman, Thomas K. Henthorn, Ashley Brooks-Russell, Michael J. Kosnett
Cannabigerolic acid is a phytocannabinoid that occurs naturally in the cannabis plant [1–3]. As shown in Figure 1, cannabigerolic acid undergoes enzymatic conversion in the plant to tetrahydrocannabinolic acid and cannabidiolic acid, which decarboxylate after exposure to heat (e.g., by smoking, vaping or baking plant material) to form two cannabinoids of particular pharmacological interest, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol. In contemporary commercial sources of cannabis flower (buds) cannabigerolic acid is commonly present on the order of one percent by dry weight, although specially bred cultivars may intentionally have cannabigerolic acid concentrations approximately 10-fold higher [4–6]. Heating or smoking of cannabis flower decarboxylates cannabigerolic acid to cannabigerol, a nonpsychoactive cannabinoid that has been detected in the blood of people who use it. In a study in which 11 frequent and nine occasional cannabis users smoked a relatively low THC concentration joint (6.9% total THC), CBG was detected in the whole blood of all those with frequent use and seven of those with occasional use [7]. The duration of detection was notably brief, no more than 30 minutes (min) after the inception of smoking in the frequent smokers and no more than 20 min in those with occasional use, resulting in the authors’ suggestion that detection of cannabigerol in blood may be an indication of recent cannabis inhalation [7].
Targeting the endocannabinoid system as a potential anticancer approach
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2018
Rico Schwarz, Robert Ramer, Burkhard Hinz
TRP channel interactions with cannabinoid compounds have been investigated thoroughly during recent decades. Thus, TRP channels have been assigned as ‘ionotropic cannabinoid receptors’ (Di Marzo et al. 2002). Within this group of ion channels, TRPV1 has been reported as additional receptor for AEA (Zygmunt et al. 1999) and CBD (Bisogno et al. 2001; Ligresti et al. 2006). In recent years, TRPV2 was identified as target for CBD (Qin et al. 2008; Nabissi et al 2013) and THC (De Petrocellis et al. 2011). In addition, TRPV3 activation was proven for CBD and tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), whereas TRPV4 was shown to be activated by THCV and cannabidivarin (CBDV) (De Petrocellis et al. 2012). The latter study further found the cannabinoid compounds cannabigerovarin and cannabigerolic acid to desensitize TRPV3 and TRPV4. TRP channels of the ankyrin type-1 (TRPA1) were identified as targets of cannabigerol (CBG), CBD, and CBN (De Petrocellis et al. 2008). Another TRP channel susceptible to cannabinoid action is the TRP channel of melastatin type-8, which was found to be activated upon treatment with CBD, CBG, THC acid, and CBN (De Petrocellis et al. 2008).