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Peepali
Published in H.S. Puri, Rasayana, 2002
Method Take 125 g Woodfordia flowers, 750 g dry black grapes, 3.85 kg sugar and 5 g each of coarsely powdered long and black pepper, Piper cubeba, turmeric, Plumbago zeylanicum root, Cyperus scariosus, Embelia ribes, Piper betle, areca nut, Symplocos racemosus, Cissampelos pareira, Emblica officinalis, aloe juice dry, Vetiveria, Santalum album, Saussurea, clove, valerian, Nardostachys grandiflora, cinnamon, cardamom, Cinnamomum spp. leaves, Mesua ferrea and Callicarpa macrophylla. Crush grapes and add the above herbs and sugar in a pot with 5.25 litres of water and let it ferment for 45 days. When ready, filter and pour it into bottles.
Basic steps
Published in C. P. Khare, Evidence-based Ayurveda, 2019
Priyangvaadi Gana: Priyangu (Callicarpa mavrophylla flower-buds or Prinus mahaleb kernel of fruits), Samangaa (Mimosa pudica), Dhaataki (Woodfordia fruticosa), Punnaga (Calophyllum inophyllum), Naagakeshara (Mesua ferrea), Chandana (Santalum album), Rakta chandana (Pterocarpus santalinus), Mocharasa (exudate of Bombax ciba tree), Rassanjana (extract of Daaru haridraa, Berberis aristata), Kumbheeka (Pistia stratiotes), Srotonjana (one of the five variants of collyriums, uparasa group of eight minerals or could be ash of Memecylon umbellatum or Hardwickia binata), Padma keshara (Nelumbo nucifera filament), Manjishthaa (Rubia cordifolia) Dhanvayaasa (Fagonia cretica).Charaka’s Varga: Purisha-sangrahaniya (renders fecal matters consistent), sandhaaniya (promote the union of fractured parts, promote cell generation), shonitasthaapana (heamostatic), sangyaasthaapana (resuscitative).Vagbhat’s Priyangvaadi Gana:Priyangu, Pushpaanjana (Pushpaanjana is a variety of Anjana (Collyrium), white in color, used for eye diseases, and fever), Anjanayugmam (Srotonjana and Souveeranjana), Padmaa (Nelumbo nucifera), Padmaadrajah (Padma stamen), Yojanavalli (Manjishtaa = Rubia cordifolia), Anantaa (Yavaasaa = Alhagi pseudalhagi), Maanadruma (Saalmali = Salmalia malabarica), Mocharasa (Saalmali gum-resin), Samangaa, Punnaaga, Sitha (Chandana = Santalum album), Madaniyahetu (Dhaataki = Woodfordia fruticosa).
Terpenes: A Source of Novel Antimicrobials, Applications and Recent Advances
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Nawal M. Al Musayeib, Amina Musarat, Farah Maqsood
Oleanic acid also showed strong interactions with gentamicin and kanamycin aminoglycoside and exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against A. baumanii, but did not show good results with other antibiotics such as chloramphenicol, ampicillin, tetracycline, rifampicin and norfloxacin. The bactericidal activity of gentamicin was significantly increased in combination oleanic acid calculated by the time-kill assay (Zacchino et al. 2017). Three known triterpenoids amyrin, betulinaldehyde and betulinic acid isolated from the bark of Callicarpa farinose Roxb showed potent antibacterial potential against two clinical isolates methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) with MIC values ranging from 2 to 512 µg mL–1(Chung et al. 2014). However, there is no specific mode of action reported in literature for terpenoids until the mechanisms of action shown by other phytochemicals have been suggested for them. The phytochemicals act either by disruption of the cell membrane of bacteria, modulation of efflux pump of bacteria, suppression of biofilm development in bacteria and inhibition of some virulence factors which include enzyme and toxin (Barbieri et al. 2017). Carvacrol is among one of the responsible components for sub-lethal injury to microbial cells due to amendments in the composition of fatty acids. Other studies have reported in literature that carvacrol and thymol caused dissolution of outer cell membrane and disruption of cytoplasmic cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria (Helander et al. 1998). Antimicrobial activity mechanism of two natural pentacyclic triterpenes, ursolic acid and α-amyrin was studied by Broniatowski et al. (2015) and demonstrated the broad-spectrum of antimicrobial potential. The interaction of these two compounds with the inner layer of the cell membrane of E. coli was studied by the Langmuir monolayer technique. Both the triterpenes showed disorganizing effects on the membrane of an applied model of E. coli (Broniatowski et al. 2015). The ethanol extract of leaves of Syzygium szemaoense resulted in the isolation of new six terpenoids (syzygiumursanolides A–F) and two phloroglucinol glucosides. Among the isolates, two compounds namely syzygiumursanolides A and B were unusual 28-norursane type triterpenoids with 19(18→17)-abeo spirocyclic skeleton. The antimicrobial bioassay showed that syzygiumursanolide D exhibited the most significant antifungal effect (MIC values, 6.25–25 μgmL–1) towards a panel of fungi (Xu et al. 2020). Three terpenoid chloro-dihydroquinones were isolated from the actinomycete Streptomyces sp. All the extracted compounds showed significant antibiotic activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus Faecalis (VREF) with MIC value in the range of 1.90–15.6 μg mL–1 (Socha et al. 2006).
Management of diabetes using herbal extracts: review
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2018
Walid Hamdy El-Tantawy, Abeer Temraz
Callicarpa arborea Roxb., commonly known as beautyberry (in English), is a shrub or small evergreen tree, which belongs to family Verbenaceae. This plant species has been found widely distributed in India, Nepal, China, Bangladesh, Thailand, Indonesia, and Vietnam (Kar et al.2009, Shihan et al.2015). The antidiabetic activity of the hydro-alcoholic extract of C. arborea stem bark was carried out along with the antioxidant activity study. The results of preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. Results of antidiabetic activity study revealed that C. arborea stem bark extract showed potent hypoglycemic activity in diabetic rats compared to normal rats with significant improvement in body weight, levels of serum insulin, and liver glycogen. The extract also improved damages of pancreatic cells in diabetic animals. In antioxidant study, this extract exhibited significant radical scavenging activities at the tested doses. C. arborea stem bark may have a possible role as herbal antioxidants in the prevention and/or treatment of oxidative stress-induced diabetes mellitus. The antioxidant property of plant phenolic and flavonoid contents present in this extract might be responsible for the antidiabetic efficacy of C. arborea stem bark (Junejo et al.2017).