China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Blood Transfusion Strategies in Trauma Patients
Published in Kajal Jain, Nidhi Bhatia, Acute Trauma Care in Developing Countries, 2023
Blood component therapy during the active bleeding phase:Initiate blood transfusion in the ratio of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) to platelets to packed red blood cells (PRBC) of 1:1:1.Administer calcium chloride to prevent hypocalcaemia due to citrate present in various blood components. Acidosis due to lactate accumulation can also cause hypocalcaemia. Hypocalcaemia, in turn, can worsen coagulopathy, as it is required for fibrin polymerization and platelet function. Calcium also helps to maintain vascular contractility and tone.Ratio of blood components can be altered depending on the patient's comorbid condition and results of point-of-care tests like viscoelastic assays.
Nutritional and Dietary Supplementation during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Among rats, rabbits, and mice whose mothers were given twice the RDA of calcium during embryogenesis, the frequency of congenital anomalies was no greater than controls (McCormack et al., 1979). Fetal death and growth retardation occurred more frequently in the offspring of pregnant rats given about 1600 mg/kg/day of calcium chloride (Hayasaka et al., 1990).
Granulation and Production Approaches of Orally Disintegrating Tablets
Published in Dilip M. Parikh, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 2021
Tansel Comoglu, Fatemeh Bahadori
Moisture uptake test is important to evaluate the stability of the final product containing several hygroscopic excipients. For this purpose, tablets are kept in a desiccator over calcium chloride at 37 °C for 24 hours. The tablets are weighted and exposed to 75% relative humidity for two weeks. The increase in weight of the tablet is compared to one tablet prepared without disintegrants at the end of this period [5].
Green polymer altered in-situ gel oral liquid sustainable release preparation of vildagliptin suitable for dysphagic diabetic patients: assessment in-vitro & in-vivo
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2023
Soha M. El-masry, Heba M. ElBedaiwy, Mohammad M. Abd-Alhaseeb, Mohamed S. Abdel-Maksoud, Doaa A. Habib
The composition of all formulations containing sodium alginate (SA) at different concentrations with their viscosity in the presence (SAC) and absence of calcium (SA) was listed in Table 1. Calcium chloride is added as a source of action. The viscosity of the formulation was dependent on the concentration of sodium alginate, as expected, with the increase in viscosity as concentration increased. Fluidity was the initial step in the manufacture of conventional alginate-based systems before the addition of CMC since it is a crucial parameter for the development of liquid oral formulations. Formulations containing sodium alginate at a concentration of more than 1.5% w/v showed higher viscosity and lower fluidity. This can be explained by a higher ability of chain contact in the presence of a high polymer concentration (Miyazaki et al. 1999; Attebäck et al. 2022). On the other hand, Formulations containing sodium alginate in a concentration of less than 1.5% w/v, showed poor viscosity with poor gelling power.
Attempted self-castration with bilateral intratesticular injections of calcium chloride
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2023
Although the waning of his libido does appear to mirror the course of his self-inflicted testicular damage, further conclusions about its efficacy cannot be drawn. There is a dearth of medical literature regarding calcium chloride administration for human chemical castration and sterilization. Yet, it is an established nonsurgical method in rats, dogs, cats, and other mammals [1]. Adequate intratesticular administration elicits testicular degradation and azoospermia [2] as well as dose-dependent reduction in testosterone concentrations [3]. These effects appear to be mediated through the impairment of antioxidant-mediated pathways leading to the generation of reactive oxidant species and subsequent cellular damage including lipid peroxidation [3,4]. Emerging data suggest that at usual dosages, the initial reduction in testosterone [2] and azoospermia may not persist greater than 12 months, which may lead to castration failure [2,5].
A retrospective analysis of artificial oocyte activation in patients with low or no fertilisation in intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Kevin K. W. Lam, Jacki Y. Y. Wong, Tak-Ming Cheung, Raymond H. W. Li, Ernest H. Y. Ng, William S. B. Yeung
Calcium ionophores are lipid soluble molecules. They transport calcium ions across the cell membrane which in turn induce a single transient rise in intracellular calcium level. When used for AOA, the concentration of A23187 varies from 5–10 µM (Montag et al. 2012; Lv et al. 2020). Although the concentration of the ready-to-use A23187 reagent is not disclosed by the manufacturer, it has been shown to induce a single rise in intracellular calcium to a peak within two minutes (Nikiforaki et al. 2016). The safety and efficacy of the ready-to-use A23187 has been proven in previous studies (Ebner et al. 2012; Caglar et al. 2015; Ebner et al. 2015). Exposure of A23187 in conjunction with calcium chloride injection together with spermatozoon has also been reported (Vanden Meerschaut et al. 2012). Our data indicated that the performance of two protocols were comparable. The observation is understandable as the injection of calcium chloride and the subsequent A23187 exposure might increase the intracellular calcium concentration to a level higher than that using A23187 alone, both protocols could not generate calcium oscillations (Nikiforaki et al. 2016). To the best of our knowledge, there is no commercially available mouse embryo-tested calcium chloride for AOA. The calcium chloride solution was mainly prepared from research grade chemicals (Vanden Meerschaut et al. 2012; Nikiforaki et al. 2016), the safety of which is in doubt. Based on the current data, AOA should be performed without the concomitant injection of calcium chloride.