China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The Rational Use of Dietary Supplements, Nutraceuticals, and Functional Foods for the Diabetic and Prediabetic Patient
Published in Jeffrey I. Mechanick, Elise M. Brett, Nutritional Strategies for the Diabetic & Prediabetic Patient, 2006
Anthocyanins from Cabernet-type red wine lower blood glucose levels and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation following streptozotocin in an experimental model of diabetes in rats [161]. In another study using streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats, a Chardonnay white wine enriched with polyphenols (catechin, epicatechin, procyanidins dimmers B1-B4, gallic acid, cafeic acid, and caftaric acid) normalized plasma antioxidant capacity [162]. The polyphenols quercetin and glabridin stabilize platelet-derived aryl esterase activity, which circulates in association with LDL-c and prevents endothelial LDL-c oxidation [163]. In a prospective study, conducted from 1986 through 1998 involving 34,492 postmenopausal women, dietary (+)-catechin and (+)-epicatechin intake, from sources such as wine and apples but not teas (catechins in the form of gallates), was associated with coronary heart disease risk reduction [164]. Catechins may partially account for the cardioprotective effects of the Mediterranean diet, which is high in fruits, vegetables, and red wine. Of note, EGCG consumption from green tea has been associated with increased tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and IRS-1, reduction of PEPCK gene expression via PI3K, MAPK, and p70(s6k) activation [118], and improved renal physiology due to altered prostaglandin metabolism [165]. (−)Epicatechin possesses antioxidant properties; it increases erythrocyte glutathione levels, which are typically reduced in patients with T2DM [166]. (−)Epicatechin also mimics insulin by increasing erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase activity, which is also typically low in patients with T2DM [167]. Furthermore, the antiproliferative actions of (−)epicatechin may result from its inhibitory effects on membrane Na/H antiport activity[168]. Other beneficial effects of wine polyphenols include slowed lipid oxidation, reduction of atherosclerotic plaques, and improved endothelial function and hemodynamics [153]. Polyphenols in red wine, but not white wine or rosé, decrease endothelin-1 (ET-1) gene expression [169]. In addition, red wine, but not ethanol, activates the endothelium-dependent vasodilatory nitric oxide (NO)-cGMP pathway [170] via endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) activation [171]. Red wine polyphenols reduce intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), NF-κB, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and platelet-derived growth factor β receptor (PDGFR) levels [172]. The salutary effects of polyphenols in wine are far less in populations consuming a diet rich in fruits and vegetables that also contains phenolic acids and polyphenols, such as the Mediterranean diet [173].
Echinacea biotechnology: advances, commercialization and future considerations
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2018
Jessica L. Parsons, Stewart I. Cameron, Cory S. Harris, Myron L. Smith
Currently popular as an immune stimulant, Echinacea species were used by North American Indigenous Peoples as a treatment for throat infections, wounds and pain, and was historically used in Eclectic medicine for septic conditions (Shemluck 1982). Related pharmacological activities and therapeutic uses continue to be explored, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anxiolytic and antimicrobial activities (Hostettmann 2003; Abbasi et al. 2007a; Haller et al. 2013; Cruz et al. 2014; Shin et al. 2014). The main bioactive compounds present in Echinacea extracts are the phenolics, alkylamides and polysaccharide/glycoproteins (Figure 1). The phenolics include echinacoside, cynarin, cichoric acid, caftaric acid and chlorogenic acids (CADs), and possess antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The alkylamides are a group of more than 30 lipophilic compounds with anti-inflammatory properties mediated through activation of the endocannabinoid system, exhibit antifungal properties and inhibit cyclooxygenase and lipoygenase enzyme activities. Polysaccharides/glycoproteins include complex carbohydrate moieties such as arabinogalactans that act as immunostimulants. Barnes et al. (2005) give a thorough inventory of bioactive compounds isolated from Echinacea and new activities continue to be reported and reviewed (Cruz et al. 2014; Murthy et al. 2014; Manayi et al. 2015).
In vitro and in silico β-lactamase inhibitory properties and phytochemical profile of Ocimum basilicum cultivated in central delta of Egypt
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Nagwa A. Shoeib, Lamiaa A. Al-Madboly, Amany E. Ragab
Compounds 1 and 2 with m/z 335 were identified as dactylifric acid. Compounds 3 and 4 showed an [M–H]– ion at m/z 197 for danshensu which is 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) lactic acid (Pink et al. 1994; Farag et al. 2016). Compounds 7 and 9 ([M–H]– ion at m/z 311) typical for caftaric acid (Farag et al. 2016; Prinsi et al. 2019). Compound 12 exhibited an [M–H]– ion at m/z 387 for medioresinol (Hossain et al. 2010). Compounds 16 and 21 showed an [M–H]– ion at m/z 325 indicated feruloyl tartaric acid which is named fertaric acid and its isomer (Farag et al. 2016; Prinsi et al. 2019).
Fertaric Acid Protects from Octylphenol-Related Hepatotoxicity in Rats: Biochemical, Molecular, and Histopathological Studies
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2019
Khaled M. M. Koriem, Mahmoud S. S. Arbid
A large number of secondary metabolites derived from natural sources are currently undergoing evaluation in clinical trials. Fertaric acid (FA) is a hydroxycinnamic acid found in grapefruit (Mozetič et al., 2006). It is an ester formed from ferulic acid bound to tartaric acid. Maier et al. (2006) developed a method for the isolation of fertaric acid, in addition to caftaric and coutaric acids, from grape pomace by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC). The purity of fertaric acid, caftaric acid, and coutaric acid were 90.4%, 97.0%, and 97.2%, respectively. In addition, Ali et al. (2012) identified fertaric acid, as well as caftaric acid, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, linolenic acid, and alanine, as metabolites responsible for their special resistant effect in the resistant grapevine in the resistant grapevine cultivar “Regent” using various two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques from grapevine leaf. Furthermore, Zhang et al. (2013) developed an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the determination of hydroxycinnamoyl-tartaric acid esters such as fertaric acid, in addition to caftaric acid and p-coutaric acid, in grape juice, peel, and seed. Moreover, Stalmach et al. (2011) identified trans-fertaric acid, tartaric esters of hydroxycinnamic acids, in addition to, trans-caftaric and trans-coutaric acids. These 3 mentioned acids represent 29% of the phenolic content in grape juice. Furthermore, Abdallah et al. (2016) isolated fertaric acid, in addition to acacetin-7-O-d-glucoside and acacetin-7-O-d-glucuronic acid. These compounds have protective effects in decreasing the aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in t-BHP–induced HepG2 cells.