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Plant Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Resveratrol (3,4’,5-trihydroxystilbene) is a polyphenolic antioxidant, and has been reported to protect cardiovascular and nervous systems, prevent cancer, improve diabetes, and extend lifespan. Resveratrol is only found in different red or black grape varieties, primarily in their skins and seeds. For example, levels of resveratrol in skins and seeds of muscadine grapes are about one hundred times higher than those in pulp (78). Resveratrol in fruit is more potent than its supplement because its bioavailability (absorption) in red grape is higher than that of its supplement. Tannins, including the monomeric catechins, are present in the skin and seed tissues but nearly absent in the flesh (78). Grapes also contain tartaric acid and malic acid. Tartaric acid is accumulated during the initial stages of berry development and its concentration is highest at the periphery of the developing berry. By contrast, malic acid is accumulated in the flesh cells at the end of the first growth phase. These acids confer acidity to the wine, and are therefore critical to its quality (78). Flavor that builds in grapes is mostly the result of the acid/sugar balance and the synthesis of flavor and aromatic compounds (78). Briefly, red grapes and red wines are better than white grapes and white wines in the prevention of CVDs and cancer, due to numerous polyphenol antioxidants cited above. The quality of a wine depends on the variety of the vine, its cultivation mode, and its environment.
Re-Highlighting the Potential Natural Resources for Treating or Managing the Ailments of Gastrointestinal Tract Origin
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Cristóbal Noé Aguilar, A. K. Haghi, Applied Pharmaceutical Practice and Nutraceuticals, 2021
Vaibhav Shende, Sameer A. Hedaoo, Mojabir Hussen Ansari, Pooja Bhomle, Debarshi Kar Mahapatra
It consists of dried fruits of T. indica. Roots, leaves, fruits, and seeds are the medicinally active parts. The fruits contain organic acid (10%) and their salts namely tartaric acid, citric acid, maleic acid, sodium and potassium tartrate (8%), and invert sugars (30–40%). The bark of T. indica is astringent, emmenagogue, tonic, anti-diarrheal, thermogenic, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, diuretic, useful in vitiated conditions of vata, swelling, fever, gastropathy, wounds, ulcers, jaundice, scabies, and tumors. The seeds are digestive, carminative, cooling, aphrodisiac, stomachic, used in constipation and as tonic.
Preparation and Health Benefits of Rice Beverages From Ethnomedicinal Plants: Case Study in North-East of India
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Arijit Nath, Rasul Hafiz Ansar Suleria, Plant-Based Functional Foods and Phytochemicals, 2021
Vedant Vikrom Borah, Mahua Gupta Choudhury, Probin Phanjom
The pH of rice beer is measured directly using a pH meter. Total acidity and volatile acidity are measured by titration-based methods, which are conducted against sodium hydroxide solution. Both the results are expressed as grams of tartaric acid and grams of acetic acid present per 100 mL of the sample, respectively. Phenolphthalein is used as an indicator [13].
First report on the presence of aflatoxins in fig seed oil and the efficacy of adsorbents in reducing aflatoxin levels in aqueous and oily media
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
According to our results, aflatoxins in fig extracts could also be effectively reduced by marl treatment (Figure 1). Reductions of 76.23–93.79% and 66.94–89.60% in the levels of aflatoxin B1 and total aflatoxins, respectively, were recorded after treating the extracts with this agent. Reduction rates increased with increasing the concentration of the agent (p < 0.05). At the treatment concentration of 5.0%, the aflatoxin reduction rates obtained with marl were not significantly different than those obtained with activated carbon and bentonite (p < 0.05). Marl, a calcareous clay containing a high amount of calcium carbonate, is conventionally used for deacidification of grape must (Karababa and Develi Isikli 2005). It lowers the acidity by precipitating tartaric acid and malic acid as calcium tartrate and calcium malate, respectively. This causes an increase in the pH of the must from around 3.5 to 5.0–6.0 (Rezaei et al.2020). In the past, reductions in aflatoxin levels were observed during processing of the must, especially after treating with marl (Bahar and Altug 2009, Heshmati et al. 2019). However, it was not clarified that if the reduction was caused as a result of an adsorption effect or due to structural change of the toxin caused by alkalization of the medium.
Vitex doniana Leaves Extract Ameliorates Alterations Associated with 7, 12-Dimethyl Benz[a]Anthracene-Induced Mammary Damage in Female Wistar Rats
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
Gilead Ebiegberi Forcados, Abdullahi Balarabe Sallau, Aliyu Muhammad, Ochuko Lucky Erukainure, Dorcas Bolanle James
LCMS analysis of V. doniana also showed compounds that could be responsible for the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects observed in the DMBA-induced rats treated with V. doniana. 4′,5-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-6-methylflavone is a flavone belonging to the class of flavonoids known for potent antioxidant capacity due to their ability to chelate metals and quench reactive oxygen species (56). Dihydroxy flavones have been reported to exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects (57) via mechanisms involving the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Nrf-2 signaling pathways (58). Studies on natural plant flavonoids and their synthesized derivatives have shown In Vitro antioxidant activity, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin inhibitory activity (59). Tartaric acid is synthesized from ascorbic acid (vitamin c) and is reported to possess antioxidant activity (60, 61). Vanillylamine is an alkaloid found in plants and is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of caspsaicin (62) which has shown anticancer effects in different studies (63, 64). Overall, our findings show that V. doniana ethanol leaves extract is rich in both non-polar and polar compounds with modulatory potentials against some of the metabolic derangements observed in mammary carcinogenesis in relation to upregulation of estrogen receptor -α, IL-1β, TNF-α and COX-2.
Development and evaluation of rapidly dissolving buccal films of naftopidil: in vitro and in vivo evaluation
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Heba I. Elagamy, Ebtessam A. Essa, Ahmed Nouh, Gamal M. El Maghraby
The crystalline nature of tartaric acid was similarly evident from the recorded diffraction pattern (Figure 5(c)). Incorporation of tartaric acid into the plain polymeric film revealed only one additional peak compared to the plain film. This peak corresponds to one of the major peaks of tartaric acid suggesting partial crystallization of the acid. Formulation of naftopidil into this film did not alter the diffractogram indicating complete solubility or amorphousization of the drug in the film. This contradicts with the DTA data which revealed very weak melting transition in the thermogram after addition of the drug. This could be due to the existence of a minute amount of the drug in the crystalline form with the available crystals being non-detectable by the X-ray diffractometer (Figure 5(c)).