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Recombinant DNA Technology and Gene Therapy Using Viruses
Published in Patricia G. Melloy, Viruses and Society, 2023
Viruses do not just cause disease. Naturally or through genetic engineering, viruses can be used to help humans. Genetic engineering, also known as recombinant DNA technology, was developed about 50 years ago as a method to bring together DNA from different organisms. This technology has revolutionized biomedical research, allowing scientists to express any gene of interest in a new organism, including producing recombinant proteins such as human insulin outside of the body. Recombinant DNA technology includes the use of viruses as one type of vector to deliver a gene for expression in a new organism, and these viral vectors have been used in both gene therapy treatments and vaccines, among other applications. Gene therapy treatments involving viral vectors are being used to treat all different kinds of diseases, including cancer. Viral vectors are also used in vaccines, including COVID-19 vaccines. Undoubtedly, viruses will be a part of many therapeutic applications to prevent or treat diseases in the future.
Vaccines Against COVID-19
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Majid Khan, Muhammad Faheem, Najmur Rahman, Rizwan Ahmad, M. Zia-Ul-Haq, Muhammad Ria
It takes years (approximately 9-10 years) to develop a vaccine in a traditional or classical way. For COVID-19 vaccine, though the time frame is slightly different, yet it is impossible to introduce its vaccine in a matter of few months as the estimated time per WHO requirement is 18 months for the development of an effective and safe vaccine. This long duration of time is also one of the biggest challenges in developing effective vaccine candidates [13, 15, 26].
Answers
Published in Ken Addley, MCQs, MEQs and OSPEs in Occupational Medicine, 2023
The following are applicable: COVID-19 re-infection.False Positive COVID-19 PCR result with an adverse reaction to the COVID-19 vaccine.False Positive COVID-19 PCR result with some other infection giving rise to the temperature and fatigue.
The onset of de novo autoantibodies in healthcare workers after mRNA based anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: a single centre prospective follow-up study
Published in Autoimmunity, 2023
M.C Sacchi, C. Pelazza, M. Bertolotti, L. Agatea, P. De Gaspari, S. Tamiazzo, D. Ielo, P. Stobbione, M. Grappiolo, T. Bolgeo, P. Novel, M.M Ciriello, A. Maconi
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related to coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, and characterised by severe acute respiratory syndrome, had a dramatic effect on the world’s population leading to the most significant global health crisis[1]. Since March 11, 2020, when the pandemic status was declared by the World Health Organisation (WHO), the virus has caused severe critical health problems in several countries. This is also due to the series of multiple waves of COVID-19 outbreaks. SARS-CoV-2’s rapid global spread and alarming clinical severity have accelerated the demand for vaccines that safely and effectively prevent the disease or reduce its severity[2]. The development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection proved to be the most effective and promising measure for a sustainable containment of this pandemic[3]. Therefore, the vaccination campaign started in Europe from the 27th of December 2020[4]. To date, 30 COVID-19 vaccines have received emergency use authorisation in at least one country and more than 5 billion people have been vaccinated. Evidence from clinical trials and observational studies overwhelmingly support the safety and efficacy/effectiveness of numerous COVID-19 vaccines[5], especially against disease severity and death in fully vaccinated individuals.
Understanding the mechanisms for COVID-19 vaccine’s protection against infection and severe disease
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2023
Huijie Yang, Ying Xie, Changgui Li
Immune memory has been shown to provide long-lasting protection against viral infection in previous vaccines. For upper respiratory tract infections, tissue-resident memory (TRM) T cells in the respiratory tract are considered a vital memory T cell subset that can confer optimal protection against encountered pathogens [21]. However, it remains to be investigated whether current vaccines given by intramuscular routes can effectively activate TRM in the human upper respiratory tract. Minne et al. reported that the currently injected influenza vaccine can only elicit relatively poor mucosal immune responses and TRM cells in the mouse respiratory tract and lung tissue [22]. Nevertheless, the COVID-19 vaccine proved to be effective against viral infection initially but confers less protection against mild-to-moderate symptomatic diseases over time. This trend seems to be associated with the waning titers of circulating antibodies in the body.
Attitude towards Covid-19 Vaccine: A Cross-Sectional Urban and Rural Community Survey in Punjab, Pakistan
Published in Hospital Topics, 2023
Iqra Mushtaque, Muhammad Riaz Dasti, Misbah Mushtaq, Ahmad Ali
Different vaccines protect the body in various ways, but when both vaccines are used, the body has a supply of memory T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes that will know how to fight the virus in the future. It’s also worth noting that it typically takes a few weeks after vaccination for the body to produce B-and T-lymphocytes. As a result, following immunization, a person may become infected with the virus that causes covid-19 and become ill as a result of the vaccine failing to give adequate protection. The last hope for ending the pandemic is vaccines to prevent the corona virus epidemic in 2019. A corona virus vaccine would aid the individual in avoiding covid-19 infection. Alternatively, if individual taken covid-19 vaccine, they might be able to prevent becoming seriously ill or suffering from severe complications (Mayo Clinic 2021).