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Bayesian Applications
Published in Song S. Qian, Mark R. DuFour, Ibrahim Alameddine, Bayesian Applications in Environmental and Ecological Studies with R and Stan, 2023
Song S. Qian, Mark R. DuFour, Ibrahim Alameddine
As an example of how the size of the model increases as a function of the number of nodes and states, the structure proposed by Qian and Miltner [2015] that has 9 nodes and 11 edges will have a total CPT of 429 entries if all nodes are restricted to three states. Should discretized variables be used for the BN model, the chlorophyll-a node alone would have a CPT with 81 entries. However, sample size is only 109. Clearly, discretization in such a case is not recommended, as there is a high risk of introducing sparse entries if the CPTs are learned from the data. As a result, Qian and Miltner [2015] developed a continuous variable BN (cBN).
Cannabis Nutrition
Published in Betty Wedman-St Louis, Cannabis as Medicine, 2019
This legal action excluded hemp stalks, fiber, oil, and cake made from hemp seed and sterilized hemp seed from Schedule 1 status. The benefits of hemp oil products, CBD, and other cannabinoids like cannabinol (CBN) and cannabigerol (CBG) could be used to augment the body’s naturally occurring endocannabinoids. The phytocannabinoids from hemp are supplements to the body’s own endocannabinoids for functioning in the nervous system and immune system.
Support services
Published in Celia Hindmarch, On the Death of a Child, 2018
There is a clear case for auditing and co-ordinating bereavement support services, working towards a standard provision of care. The National Association of Bereavement Services did much to address this need. More recently, the Childhood Bereavement Network (CBN) has drawn up a databank of organisations and individuals providing bereavement services for children, has set up regional groups to network and develop local services, and has produced a comprehensive range of educative resources for schools (seeAppendix C). The CBN operates under the umbrella of the Childhood Bereavement Project, a multi-agency initiative funded by the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund and hosted by the National Children’s Bureau.
Protective effects of cerebrolysin against chemotherapy (carmustine) induced cognitive impairment in Albino mice
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Suraj Sharma, Khadga Raj, Shamsher Singh
Cerebrolysin (CBN) is a mixture of neurotrophic factors and active peptide fragments, useful to manage various neurological disorders due to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroregeneration, and neuroprotection properties (Gavrilova and Alvarez 2021). Moreover, cerebrolysin cross BBB permeability attenuates brain edema formation and improves neuronal damage in the cortex parts of the brain (Chen et al. 2013). The efficacy and safety of CBN have been demonstrated in recent clinical trials, including stroke, TBI (Masliah et al. 1999, Ziganshina et al. 2020). In addition, CBN exerts important pharmacological actions, including increase synaptic regeneration, decrease apoptosis, increase dendritic spine density and dendritic length (Abdel-Salam et al. 2018). Administration of cerebrolysin shows neuroprotective effects by reducing neuronal dysfunction and maintaining the structural integrity of neurons (Requejo et al. 2018). Although the mechanism of action of cerebrolysin has not been fully understood at a molecular level, it has been reported that it reduces the phosphorylation of amyloid precursor protein and amyloid-β peptide production via modulation of kinases GSK3b and CDK5 in the brain (Brainin 2018). Therefore, the present study has been designed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of cerebrolysin in carmustine-induced cognitive impairment mediated behavioral, biochemical, neuroinflammatory, and neurotransmitters alterations in experimental mice.
Medicinal cannabis pharmacokinetics and potential methods of delivery
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Lidya Kebede, Seyedehsara Masoomi Dezfooli, Ali Seyfoddin
Cannabis has the therapeutic potential to treat a string of conditions ranging from asthma, epilepsy, migraine, nausea, pain, and glaucoma (Bonn-Miller et al. 2018). Cannabis has approximately 560 compounds with over 120 that are thought to be unique phytocannabinoids. These cannabinoids can directly influence the endogenous cannabinoid system in our body (Bonn-Miller et al. 2018). Among those chemically active components, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the most abundant and most researched compounds in the plant (Zgair et al. 2016). THCA and CBDA are the acidic forms that are originally found in the cannabis plant. These acidic compounds are decarboxylated in the presence of heat to create neutral THC and CBD. Acidic cannabinoids are speculated to have some pharmacological properties, although, their psychotropic activity is limited due to their inability to cross the blood–brain barrier. Conversely, further degradation of THC will result in the formation of cannabinol (CBN), a cannabinoid with less potent psychoactive, analgesic, and anticonvulsant activity (Citti et al. 2016).
Naturally Occurring Cannabinoids and their Role in Modulation of Cardiovascular Health
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2020
Elnaz Karimian Azari, Aileen Kerrigan, Annalouise O’Connor
CBN is a non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid and by-product of THC that has known anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and analgesic properties which are mediated mainly via activation of the CB2 receptor and TRPV1 receptors (Esposito et al. 2001; Russo 2011; Wong and Cairns 2019). It was demonstrated that CBN can be taken up by cardiac tissue of rodents but whether this phytocannabinoid accumulates in cardiovascular tissues is unknown. Although ex vivo studies suggested an impact on haemodynamics (Smiley et al. 1976; Nahas and Trouve 1985), this was not seen in in vivo rodent (Graham and Li 1973) or human studies (Karniol et al. 1975) done to date (see Table 2). This may be explained by the dose of CBN delivered in the ex vivo models as well as the direct administration to heart tissues. Further PK studies of oral CBN from different sources (synthetic or standardized cannabis plant extracts) are needed to determine the extent to which plasma concentrations can be increased through oral dosing, as well as to understand the circulating levels achieved and metabolism when CBN is administered in animal studies. Although CBN can be detected in circulation for a short window (< 1 h) after smoking a cannabis cigarette containing 3.3 mg CBN (Cmax 4.0 μg/L (12.9 μM) in occasional smokers and Cmax 11.6 μg/L (37.4 μM), CBN was not detected in whole blood following oral dosing of cannabis (Newmeyer et al. 2016). From the limited amount of data available, it is possible that the concentrations used in ex vivo studies may be achieved through inhalation of CBN, however the dose needed to achieve these levels through oral consumption is unknown.