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Synthetic Cathinones and Related Fatalities in the United Kingdom
Published in Ornella Corazza, Andres Roman-Urrestarazu, Handbook of Novel Psychoactive Substances, 2018
John M. Corkery, Christine Goodair, Hugh Claridge
Concerns have been expressed about abuse (in the sense of recreational or inappropriate use) of and dependence on some synthetic cathinones for at least the last three decades (e.g., with pyrovalerone—Deniker et al., 1975). During the period 1997–2004, six pyrovalerone derivatives were reported in Germany. However, it was not until the mid-2000s that an illicit market for synthetic cathinones became evident. In Europe, methylone appeared in 2005, followed in 2007 by mephedrone and MDPV—the latter first being reported in the UK the following year as causing health problems. By 2009, the rapid spread of mephedrone and reports of associated serious adverse health issues, including fatalities, in the UK led to the introduction of controls on such molecules. Since 2010, many more synthetic cathinones have emerged onto the illicit market; the most popular ones include 3,4-dimethyl-methcathinone, 3-fluoromethcathinone, 4-fluoromethcathinone, 4-methylethcathinone, α-PVP, α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (α-PPP), buphedrone, butylone, methedrone, methylone, mexedrone, naphyrone, and pentedrone.
Underreporting of drug use among electronic dance music party attendees
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Joseph J. Palamar, Alberto Salomone, Katherine M. Keyes
Specimens were tested via published methods using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry [41–43]. We tested for common drugs including cannabis (THC), amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, MDMA, ketamine, PCP, heroin (6-MAM), and prescription opioids including morphine, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, hydromorphine, and oxymorphone. We also tested for a variety of uncommon drugs and NPS including 19 synthetic cathinones (i.e. mephedrone, 4-MEC, methylone, 3,4-MDPV, pentedrone, 3-MMC, ethylcathinone, alpha-PVP, butylone, buphedrone, mexedrone, amfepramone, pentylone, methedrone, ethylone, naphyrone, 4-F-methylcathinone, 3,4-DMMC, alpha-PHiP) and 7 psychedelic phenethylamines (i.e. 2 C-B, 2 C-P, 25B-NBOMe, 25 C-NBOMe, 25H-NBOMe, 25I-NBOMe, 4-EA-NBOMe). We also tested for 5 other euphoric stimulants (i.e. 4-FA, 5/6-APB, 5-MAPB, PMA, PMMA) and 3 dissociative NPS (i.e. MXE, 4-MeO-PCP, diphenidine). In addition, we tested for fentanyl, 8 fentanyl analogs (i.e. carfentanyl, acetylfentanyl, furanylfentanyl, butyrfentanyl, acryloylfentanil, 4-fluorofentanyl, 3-methylfentanyl, ocfentanyl), and for 5 other opioid NPS (i.e. U-47,700, U-49900, AH-7921, MT-45, U-51,754).