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Basics of Radiation Interactions in Matter
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Most detector systems rely on the measurement of charged particles. This means that a neutron cannot be measured directly because it does not carry any charge. However, one can use some type of neutron interaction process with a large cross section that can create free charged particles, which can then be detected. Three commonly used processes are the (n,p) reaction in 3He, in 6Li, and in 10B. The last process has also been used clinically to treat cancer in the brain by a method called boron neutron-capture therapy (BNCT). For more information about this, see, for example, the literature review by Nedunchezhian and colleagues [4].
Ultratrace Minerals
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
The element boron (B), atomic number 4, is widely distributed in the earth’s crust, but is present in living organisms in ultratrace amounts. Boron is essential for dicotyledon plants (fruits, vegetables, legumes, tubers), which take up boron from the soil.999,1000 Boron compounds complex with hydroxyl groups, facilitating flavonoid synthesis.1000 Monocotyledon plants, which include grass grains such as rice, com, wheat, and barley do not require boron and, thus, exhibit much lower amounts of boron (<0.2 mg B/kg).1001 However, levels of boron in plants vary widely in different geographic areas, depending upon boron levels in water, levels in soil, length of growing time, rate of transpiration, use of fertilizers, crop rotation practices, and other agricultural practices.1002
Treating the Dysmetabolism Underlying Osteoporosis
Published in Kohlstadt Ingrid, Cintron Kenneth, Metabolic Therapies in Orthopedics, Second Edition, 2018
Seaweed, nuts and seeds, and some grains are good sources of magnesium which also contributes to the formation of healthy bone. Dried plums (previously referred as prunes) are rich in many nutrients that have been shown to beneficial for bone including fiber, vitamin K, boron, copper, magnesium, and polyphenols, with studies showing a positive effect on bone density in animal models and on bone formation biomarkers in human studies [122]. Onion consumption has been found to be beneficial to BMD in perimenopausal and post-menopausal non-Hispanic white women 50 years or older [123]. Fiber is an important component of the alkaline diet. Some forms of fiber can impair mineral absorption, but this is not uniformly the case and a diet high in fiber is recommended. One specific group of fibers found in fruits and vegetables are the inulin-type fructans, a subclass of fructooligosaccharides, which have been shown to improve calcium absorption in adolescents and adults [124]. Fruits and vegetables are also the primary dietary source of boron, a trace element which is beneficial for trabecular bone microarchitecture and cortical bone strength [125].
Organoboronic acids/esters as effective drug and prodrug candidates in cancer treatments: challenge and hope
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Mothana K. Al-Omari, Mai Elaarag, Raed M. Al-Zoubi, Ahmad R. Al-Qudimat, Ayman A. Zarour, Enas A. Al-Hurani, Zainab E. Fares, Leena M. Alkharraz, Mohanad Shkoor, Abdulilah D. Bani-Yaseen, Omar M. Aboumarzouk, Aksam Yassin, Abdulla A. Al-Ansari
One possible mechanism that describes the remarkable activity of boron-containing prodrugs against cancer cells is the enzymatic inhibition through reversable electrophilicity. Nonetheless, research working on developing new boron-containing medications for cancer must consider the factors highlighted in this review. These investigations will confidently shed more light on the advantages of boron in drug scaffold and inspire pharmaceutical and medicinal allies. With the enormous scope of B-containing derivatives and the role of the boronic acid group in obtaining new candidates for treating cancer, the hope arises with boron drug candidates’ inhibition mechanisms to have a great impact on cancer in the near future. In summary, boron drugs and prodrugs can target a variety of enzymes and have shown promise as potential cancer therapeutics.
3-Pyridinylboronic acid normalizes the effects of 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine exposure in zebrafish embryos
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Fümet Duygu Üstündağ, İsmail Ünal, Derya Cansız, Ünsal Veli Üstündağ, Hülya Kara Subaşat, A. Ata Alturfan, Pınar Mega Tiber, Ebru Emekli-Alturfan
Boron is an essential mineral among the 3 A group elements of the periodic table and does not exist as an element in nature. It is found in compounds with carbon and other elements (Das et al.2013; Kuru et al.2019). Boronic acid is one of the most commonly used boron compounds (Białek et al.2019). Recently, new boron-based compounds have been tested as anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticoagulant and antidiabetic agents, while they have been proposed for the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular, central nervous system, lung and metabolic diseases as well as inflammatory processes (Hall 2011; Das et al.2013; Soriano-Ursúa et al.2014; Yahsi et al.2015). Based on these described properties, boron has significant potential in the design of therapeutic agents. It is known that boron has an important role in the neural activity of the brain. In recent studies, it has been reported that boron deprivation causes symptoms such as decreased brain electrical activity, loss of consciousness and psycho-motor activity, decreased movement and skills, and short-term memory weakness (Penland 1994; Białek et al.2019).
Assessment of consumer exposure to boron in cleaning products: a case study of Canada
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021
Paul C. DeLeo, Sharon B. Stuard, Owen Kinsky, Christine Thiffault, Brittany Baisch
Boron is an essential mineral for plants, and as such, is a normal dietary constituent for humans. Boron is primarily absorbed as boric acid and is a required micronutrient for plant growth, development, and seed quality (Pilbeam and Kirkby 1983; Marschner 1995; Hu and Brown 1997; Brown et al. 1999; Dordas et al. 2007). There are indications of the involvement of boron in cell wall structure, cell membrane integrity, sugar metabolism, biological membrane bindings, conversion of glucose 1-phosphate sugars to starch, and metabolism of nucleic acids (Schon and Blevins 1990; Hu and Brown 1994; Marschner 1995; Cakmak and Römheld 1997; Brown et al. 2002). In addition, boron is also known to be an essential micronutrient for the development and reproduction of some animals such as the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis; Fort et al. 1998, 2002) and some fish species. Tests conducted with low boron-concentration water and water supplemented with boric acid have shown that boron is essential for zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo development and stimulates the growth of embryonic rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) via its ability to bind to cellular cis-diols such as ribose (Eckhert 1998, as cited by ECCC/HC 2016; Rowe and Eckhert 1999, as cited by ECCC/HC 2016).