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Candida and parasitic infection: Helminths, trichomoniasis, lice, scabies, and malaria
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
None of the alternative agents are recommended for use in pregnancy. Fluconazole is associated with fetal loss in animal studies with several small human studies that have shown no safety concerns, but are not adequate to recommend use in pregnancy (pregnancy category C) (25). Ketoconazole given orally has been shown to increase abortion and fetal loss in mice and rats, with no adequate human studies to document its effect on human pregnancy; therefore, its use for vaginitis in pregnancy is not recommended (pregnancy category C) (25). Boric acid is not recommended in pregnancy due to limited absorption of borate through the mucous membranes (less than 1mg/mL serum levels). Gentian violet is not recommended for use in pregnancy because no adequate studies have been performed to judge its safety (pregnancy category C).
Ultratrace Minerals
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
The most common boron compounds are boric acid and sodium borate (Na2B4O7̇10 H2O or borax). Boric acid and borates were widely used as food preservatives from the 1870s to the 1920s and greatly contributed to preventing even worse famines during World War I.1003 However, a study from the USDA in 1904 in which 500 mg B per day (as borax) was fed to humans reported disturbances in appetite and digestion.1003 This finding, coupled with known toxicity of borates when applied as an antibiotic to large areas of broken skin (from bums and open wounds), led to a worldwide ban on borates as a food preservative in the 1920s.1003 World War II saw a resurgence of boric acid used as a plentiful and inexpensive food preservative, as well as studies of effects of feeding large amounts of boron to animals, which exhibited toxicity. Once again, use of boron was banned in the 1950s.1003 Recently, boric acid powder has found widespread acceptance as a household insecticide.1004 In addition, the U.S. Department of the Interior has set an upper limit for boron in public water supplies at 1 μg/ml.1005
Boron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon and Vanadium
Published in Judy A. Driskell, Ira Wolinsky, Sports Nutrition, 2005
Boron is not very toxic when orally ingested.50 Evidence for this low toxicity includes the use of boric acid and borates as food preservatives and in oral medicinal products in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Toxicity signs in animals generally occur only after dietary boron exceeds 100 mg/kg diet. In humans, the signs of acute toxicity include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dermatitis and lethargy. The signs of chronic toxicity, based mainly on animal findings, include poor appetite, weight loss and decreased sexual activity, seminal volume and sperm count and motility.
Assessment of consumer exposure to boron in cleaning products: a case study of Canada
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021
Paul C. DeLeo, Sharon B. Stuard, Owen Kinsky, Christine Thiffault, Brittany Baisch
Boron-based ingredients, including boric acid, sodium perborate, and sodium borate (aka borax and sodium tetraborate decahydrate), are found in many consumer goods including household cleaning products such as all-purpose cleaners, laundry detergents, and stain removers (SDA 1998; HERA 2005; ATSDR 2010). Boric acid is added to liquid laundry detergents up to 2% concentration to stabilise the protease and other enzymes in the formulation (HERA 2005). Perborates have been used as non-chlorine bleaching agents in granular detergents (SDA 1998). In addition, sodium borate (sodium tetraborate decahydrate), which contains 11.3% boron, is recommended as a do-it-yourself cleaner around the home (Gibson and Turner 2015). Use of boron-containing ingredients in consumer products such as cleaning products has been the subject of regulatory concern because toxicity studies on boric acid and related compounds have demonstrated reproductive as well as developmental effects in animals at high doses (Ku et al. 1993; Murray 1995; EFSA ANS Panel 2013).
Boron’s neurophysiological effects and tumoricidal activity on glioblastoma cells with implications for clinical treatment
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2019
Meric A. Altinoz, Gulacti Topcu, İlhan Elmaci
At acute exposures, boric acid, Na-, ammonium-, K- and Zn-borates generally exert low toxicity orally, dermally and by inhalation; and they are mild skin and eye irritants [23]. Toxicological investigations performed in longer intervals were declared mainly on boric acid or borax, where the features were usually similar on an equivalent boron (B) basis. Humans would ingest daily around 3.3 g of boric acid (or 5.0 g borax) to consume the same dose as the lowest animal NOAEL; and fertility parameters were not detrimentally effected in workers exposed to boron analogs or to subjects exposed to high levels of environmental boron [23]. A high similarity exists in the toxicology of boric acid and borax across species, whereas different toxicological features may be encountered with exposure to borates which do not dissociate to boric acid [23]. Boric acid and borax were applied at huge doses (1 to 14 g/d) for prolonged periods for infections including malaria, urinary tract infection, and exudative pleuritis from the mid-1800s to around 1940 [23]. These huge doses resulted in symptoms, which included alopecia, dermatitis, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite and epileptic convulsions. Dose reduction to 1 g/d resulted in the disappearing of the symptoms; and in all cases, treatment cessation provided recovery without residual sequelae [23].
What can we learn from epidemiological studies on chronic boron exposure?
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2023
Yalçın Duydu, Nurşen Başaran, Hermann M. Bolt
Boron (B) is a metalloid commonly found in rocks, water, and soil, generally as borates. A number of industrial applications for borates have emerged in agriculture, metallurgy, ceramics, polymers/coatings, wood preservation, cleaning, fire retardancy, batteries, glass, insulation, textile fiberglass, oil/gas production, energy, and pharmaceuticals (Elevli et al. 2022). This extended industrial use of borates has increased possible human boron exposures, which called for investigations of boron-related toxicity in humans (ATSDR 2010; ECHA 2010; Bolt et al. 2012, 2017, 2020; Duydu et al. 2015, 2016; Duydu and Üstündağ 2017; Elevli et al. 2022).