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Monographs of Chemicals Not Used as Fragrances Per Se But Present as Allergens in Botanical Products Used as Fragrances
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Ascaridole per se is not used as a fragrance material, but is discussed here as it is a constituent of botanical products which may be applied in perfumery, notably Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) leaf oil. Next to tea tree oil, the best known source of ascaridole is Chenopodium ambrosioides (24). The essential oil of C. ambrosioides contains 40–70% ascaridole, and was formerly used as an anthelminthic. Because of its toxicity, this oil is no longer used in humans (7). Another potential source of ascaridole, boldo leaf (Peumus boldus Molina) is used as a herbal remedy for various conditions (7). Boldo leaf essential oil is banned from use in cosmetics (prohibited by IFRA: www.ifraorg.org/en-us/standards-library), and its use as a herbal remedy is discouraged, in view of the potential risks associated with the toxicity of ascaridole (11).
Manganese-induced neurodegenerative diseases and possible therapeutic approaches
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2020
Airton C. Martins, Priscila Gubert, Gustavo R. Villas Boas, Marina Meirelles Paes, Abel Santamaría, Eunsook Lee, Alexey A. Tinkov, Aaron B. Bowman, Michael Aschner
In several cases, the pharmacological properties have been assigned to their phytomedical compounds. On the other hand, many studies have compared the differences between the extract effects and the isolated phytomedical compounds (Table2). For instance, the efficacy of the alkaloid boldine, component of boldo (Peumus boldus) extract, in preventing/ameliorating the Mn toxic effects in D. melanogaster has been shown. Interestingly, while Boldo extract reduced the mortality rate of flies exposed to Mn, boldine did not show such effectiveness [135]. Boldine partially improved the Mn-induced locomotor dysfunction and decreased TBARS levels, which were fully ameliorated by boldo’s crude extract [135]. The protective properties of an alkaloid extract from African Jointfir (Gnetum africanum) leaf against Mn toxicity was also tested in D. melanogaster as a model. The extract counteracted Mn-induced increase in acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) activity, nitric oxide (NO), and ROS levels [149].
Sub-chronic boldine treatment exerts anticonvulsant effects in mice
Published in Neurological Research, 2018
Leila Moezi, Siranoush Yahosseini, Akram Jamshidzadeh, Mona Dastgheib, Fateme Pirsalami
Boldine is an alkaloid which extensively is found in leaf ad bark of the Chilean boldo tree. Its antioxidant properties have been shown in numerous experimental models. It seems that diverse pharmacological activities of boldine such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour promoting, antipyretic, antiplatelet and cytoprotective are associated with the boldine ability to scavenge highly reactive free radicals [6]. In the present study, we investigated the sub-chronic effects of different doses of boldine on three experimental models of seizure including intraperitoneal and intravenous PTZ injection and electroshock.