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Nucleic Acids as Therapeutic Targets and Agents
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Bleomycin tends to accumulate in squamous cells and is therefore used for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma tumors of the head, neck, and genitalia, although it is also used in the treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and metastatic germ cell cancer (e.g., testicular carcinomas). For Hodgkin’s lymphoma it is used in combination with doxorubicin (as a component of the ABVD and BEACOPP regimens) as it is thought that the two drugs have additive and complementary effects as they both interact with DNA but by different mechanisms (i.e., intercalation and cleavage).
Testicular cancer
Published in Anju Sahdev, Sarah J. Vinnicombe, Husband & Reznek's Imaging in Oncology, 2020
A well-recognized side effect of bleomycin therapy is pulmonary toxicity (55). It is important to identify pneumonitis early as irreversible lung damage can be halted by discontinuing bleomycin and administration of corticosteroids. Typical chest radiograph findings include bibasilar infiltrates, which may be followed by diffuse interstitial and alveolar infiltrates. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is more sensitive than chest radiograph with typical findings which include airspace consolidation and ground-glass opacities (Figure 18.24). Organizing pneumonia manifests with ground-glass opacities in a bilateral but asymmetric pattern or by airspace consolidation in a subpleural or peribronchial distribution. Organizing pneumonia may rarely present as one or more nodular densities that may mimic tumour metastases. Findings suggestive of end-stage fibrosis include extensive reticular markings, traction bronchiectasis, and honeycombing.
Ethanol sclerotherapy: Is it gold standard for venous malformation management as well?
Published in Byung-Boong Lee, Peter Gloviczki, Francine Blei, Jovan N. Markovic, Vascular Malformations, 2019
Bleomycin is a cytotoxic antibiotic isolated from the gram-positive bacteria Streptomyces verticillus. Bleomycin inhibits DNA synthesis and is used as a chemotherapy agent. When used as a sclerosing agent, it induces an inflammatory reaction that subsequently causes fibrosis. It is very well tolerated with minimal swelling and pain after sclerotherapy.4 In a systemic review and meta-analysis, the outcomes of intralesional bleomycin injection for VMs were studied in 12 articles including 690 patients. Good to excellent size reduction was reported in 87% of VMs without nerve injury.13 Pulmonary fibrosis was not reported. Nausea, vomiting, and chills may occur soon after sclerotherapy. Treatment with bleomycin alone usually requires more procedures than other sclerosing agents.4, 13 A combination of bleomycin and other sclerosing agents (ethanol or foam sclerosing agents) shows better results with less complication rates. Because of concern for pulmonary fibrosis, the bleomycin dose is limited to 0.5 units/kg or 15 units per procedure, with a lifetime limit of 400 units.
KTP laser alone or combined with bleomycin for pharyngolaryngeal hemangioma: a lesion grade-based determination of prognosis
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2023
Min Shu, Peijie He, Chunsheng Wei
Bleomycin is a conventional chemotherapy that induces DNA degradation by affecting the G2 and S phases of mitotic cells [18]. It can be used alone for the treatment of hemangioma. No study is available about the combined use of bleomycin and the KTP laser, but a study suggested the benefits of bleomycin combined with the electroresection of hemangiomas [19]. A study also suggested the benefits of CO2 laser combined with pingyangmycin for pharyngeal and laryngeal hemangiomas [20]. This study suggests that combining the KTP laser and bleomycin might not improve the treatment outcomes, although theoretically, for the lesions with a large cross-sectional area, bleomycin injection will be effective on the deep layer, while the shallow layer will respond to the laser treatment. Therefore, further study is warranted to determine the efficacy of combining the two methods.
Genomic DNA damage induced by co-exposure to DNA damaging agents and pulsed magnetic field
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Beatriz López-Díaz, Silvia Mercado-Sáenz, Antonio M. Burgos-Molina, Alejandro González-Vidal, Francisco Sendra-Portero, Miguel J. Ruiz-Gómez
In this work, we have used bleomycin (Figure 1(a)) and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) (Figure 1(b)) as genotoxic agents in co-exposure to pulsed MF. Bleomycin is an antineoplastic agent that belongs to the group of antitumoral antibiotics used in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma, Hodgkin disease and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, among others. It is a radiomimetic agent whose mechanism of action consists in the generation of ROS which react with the DNA molecules causing their fragmentation (Obe et al. 2010). MMS is a genotoxic alkylating agent that exhibits activity on the nitrogenous rings of puric bases, producing the methylation of adenine and guanine bases. It is used as a model drug, causing poorly paired bases that lead to DNA fragmentation. It could be also considered a radiomimetic agent (Lundin et al. 2005; Ovejero et al. 2021).
Investigation of oxidative damage, antioxidant balance, DNA repair genes, and apoptosis due to radiofrequency-induced adaptive response in mice
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2022
Yusuf Kucukbagriacik, Mohammadreza Dastouri, Elcin Ozgur-Buyukatalay, Ozen Akarca Dizakar, Korkut Yegin
Bleomycin is an antineoplastic chemotherapy agent causing chromosomal aberrations, so it has been used in therapeutic chemotherapy to treat different cancers (Bolzán and Bianchi 2018; Schlade-Bartusiak et al. 2002; Zong et al. 2015). The exposure of cells or animals to low dose non-ionizing radiation, ionizing radiation, or chemical agent, to subsequently become resistant to toxic damage caused by exposure to a challenge dose (CD) of ionizing radiation or chemical agent is called adaptive response (Vijayalaxmi and Scarfi 2014. The adaptive response phenomenon was first demonstrated in Escherichia coli in 1977 (Samson and Cairns 1977). The non-toxic dose of mutagens is usually referred to as adaptation dose (AD) and the toxic dose of mutagens as a CD. The challenge dose of mutagens causes significant damage to cells and organisms. Studies exhibited that this damage was reduced with the adaptive response effect when RF was used before the CD (Falone et al. 2018; Zong et al. 2015). For example, the latest experiments have showed that the exposure to RF before CD of chemical agents (bleomycin, etc.) (Sannino et al. 2011; Zeni et al. 2012; Zong et al. 2015) or ionizing radiation (Cao et al. 2011; Jiang et al. 2013) in in-vivo and in-vitro conditions dramatically reduced the levels of DNA damage when compared to CD only.