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Published in Ken Addley, MCQs, MEQs and OSPEs in Occupational Medicine, 2023
Urinary creatinine levels decrease with age in line with a reduction in the body’s muscle mass. Biological monitoring, based on the analysis of hazardous substances or their metabolites in biological fluids, is a useful means of assessing systemic exposure through inhalation, ingestion and dermal absorption. The concentrations of analytes in urine collected by incomplete single voiding before, during or at the end of work, may be affected by urine concentration or dilution depending on the fluid balance. The most common approach to compensate for this involves measurement of the creatinine concentration in the sample and expression of the concentration of the analyte as a ratio of the creatinine concentration.
Gloves and Dermal Exposure to Chemicals
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Biological monitoring is the measurement of the body's burden of chemical compounds, elements, or their metabolites, in biological fluids (usually blood or urine, although other biological media have been used including breath, saliva, hair, nails, etc.).50 A summary of the respective advantages and limitations of various biological matrices used in biomonitoring studies to assess environmental exposures to humans is provided in the WHO document on biomonitoring.51 Such measurements may reflect the amount of substance stored in the body from previous exposure, sometimes from exposure that has occurred many weeks or months prior (e.g., persistent organic pollutants, lead, and cadmium).51 When considering dermal exposure, it reflects both exposure and subsequent absorption of the agent into the systemic circulation, rather than potential exposure.15 However as biological monitoring generally evaluates some form of integrated exposure by inhalation, dermal contact, and any other possible routes into the body, the amount of exposure by the dermal route may not be distinguishable from that by the inhalation or ingestion route.
Measurement of Exposure and Dose
Published in Samuel C. Morris, Cancer Risk Assessment, 2020
Biological monitoring refers to measurements of contaminants or their indicators in body tissues and fluids. What better measure of a person’s actual intake of a contaminant than the accumulation of that contaminant in the body? Measures of carboxyhemoglobin in blood, or carbon monoxide in alveolar air has always been accepted as a better measure of exposure to carbon monoxide than air samples. Lead content of blood is the standard approach to measuring lead exposure. Biological monitoring can provide an accurate and integrated measure of body intake of a contaminant from all sources and all exposure routes. It thus overcomes the problem of an unsuspected and unmeasured route of exposure. It automatically takes into account the various factors influencing uptake and absorption of the chemical such as individual variability, work load, hygiene habits or work practices (Bernard and Lauwerys, 1986). Recent increased emphasis on biological modeling and the development of new techniques stems from an increased focus on risk assessment (Dowd, 1984). Biological monitoring is not a panacea, however; it has its problems. For example, it is more expensive and more intrusive on peoples’ lives than ambient monitoring; not all contaminants accumulate in the body and the biological half-life of those that do varies among chemicals; chemicals with short-lived metabolites (e.g., vinyl chloride) may not be adequately represented if sampled far from the target tissue. Nonetheless, biological monitoring is a powerful tool for measuring exposure that is rapidly becoming more important.
Human biomonitoring of low-level benzene exposures
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Inhalation is the most common route of exposure, but benzene rapidly penetrates the skin (Paustenbach et al. 1992; Hanke et al. 2000; Williams and Paustenbach 2003; Bogen and Sheehan 2014; Jakasa et al. 2015). As a consequence, at lower airborne concentrations of benzene the relative contribution of dermal exposure gets more important. Occupational and environmental exposures to benzene have declined since regulations limit benzene in gasoline and smoking has been banned from public and working places in certain countries. The effectiveness of and compliance with the regulations is best controlled through biological monitoring (human biomonitoring). Human biomonitoring of benzene exposure involves the quantitative determination of the concentration of benzene or its metabolites in biological samples. It provides a reliable exposure metric for health risk assessment because it integrates all possible routes of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, dermal).
Analytical and toxicological aspects of dithiocarbamates: an overview of the last 10 years
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2022
Jéssica Cristina Romoli, Deborah Thais Palma Scarferla, Raul Gomes Aguera, Renata Sano Lini, Giseli Cristina Pante, Carlos Roberto Bueno Junior, Juliana Cristina Castro, Simone Aparecida Galerani Mossini, Camila Marchioni, Miguel Machinski Junior
The investigation of chemical substances in body fluids, that is, human biomonitoring, was carried out for the first time in order to protect the health of exposed workers (Angerer et al. 2007). In addition, it is important to highlight its relevance, since it has purposes such as the identification of new chemical exposures, the evaluation of the efficiency of actions taken to minimize exposure, the analysis of trends and changes in exposure and the development of epidemiological studies (Needham et al. 2007; Yusa et al. 2015). However, some of the disadvantages of biological monitoring for risk assessment are the lack of validated protocols for sample collection, the little attention given to analytical methods aimed at biomarkers and the lack of limits imposed by regulatory institutions for biological exposure (Yusa et al. 2015; Mandic-Rajcevic et al. 2019).
Occupational risk assessment of exposure to metals in chrome plating workers
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Cristina Deuner Muller, Solange Cristina Garcia, Natália Brucker, Gabriela Goethel, Elisa Sauer, Larissa Machado Lacerda, Evandro Oliveira, Thereza Luciano Trombini, Aline Belem Machado, Anelise Pressotto, Virginia Cielo Rech, Cláudia Regina Klauck, Luciano Basso da Silva, Adriana Gioda, Luciane Rosa Feksa
Occupational exposure to metals, such as Cr, has been linked to adverse health effects, including inflammation, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and carcinogenesis (O’Brien et al. 2003, Mishra and Mohanty 2009, Nickens et al. 2010, Das et al. 2015). The long-term prevention of possible damages to the worker’s health is an important task accomplished by biological monitoring. In this context, the early detection of biomarkers that result from the exposure to potentially damaging substances in the work environment may significantly diminish the occurrence of health adverse effects. The present study suggests that workers of two chromium plating industries showed higher levels of some toxic metals in blood as well as alteration of immunological, genotoxicity, and oxidative stress biomarkers (Zeisler and Young 1987, Goldoni et al. 2006, Gil et al. 2011, Zhitkovich 2011, Pesch et al. 2015).