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Industrial Applications
Published in Vlado Valković, Low Energy Particle Accelerator-Based Technologies and Their Applications, 2022
In the work by Jusri et al. (2018), the pretreatment process of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) to produce biofuel has been conducted by using various methods including physical, chemical, physicochemical as well as biological. The conversion of the bioethanol process typically involves several steps which consist of pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation and separation. In their project, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was used in replacement of LCB since cellulose has the highest content of LCB for the purpose of investigating the effectiveness of new pretreatment method using radiation technology. Irradiation with different doses (100–1000 kGy) was conducted by using EB accelerator equipment at Agensi Nuklear Malaysia. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and XRD analyses were studied to further understand the effect of the suggested pretreatment step to the content of MCC. Through this method namely IRR-LCB, an ideal and optimal condition for pretreatment prior to the production of biofuel by using LCB may be introduced (Jusri et al. 2018).
Bio-Implants Derived from Biocompatible and Biodegradable Biopolymeric Materials
Published in P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas, Advanced Studies in Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2021
Polymerization of hydroxyalkanoates is conducted in vivo. All other monomers are polymerized in vitro by chemical reactions, leading to the formation of PHA, poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), PE, poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) and poly(p-phenylene) (PPP). These plastics are bio-based. Their properties are identical to those of traditional petroleum-based plastics. PE-based bioethanol leading to bioethylene. They are exactly the same as petroleum-based polyethylene. PHA is available in many varieties based on the structural. This is resulting in variable melting temperature (Tm), glass-transition temperature (Tg) and degradation temperature as reported by Steinbüchel [32], Doi et al., (1995), Wang et al. (2009), Spyros and Marchessault [33], and Galegoa et al. (2000).
Opportunities and Challenges in Seaweeds as Feed Stock for Biofuel Production
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Mohammad Javad Hessami, Ambati Ranga Rao, Gokare A. Ravishankar
Bioethanol can be extracted from a variety of feed stocks that possess fermentable sugars generally in a mixture of polysaccharides and free sugars. The microorganisms used for ethanoic production are divided into three categories which are mold, bacteria and yeast (Naik et al. 2010). The different sugar composition of seaweeds causes difficulty in the fermentation process by using one or a few strains of microbes in fermentation. The seaweed biomass must be ground at the first stage to small pieces and then transferred to saccharification. The saccharified solution can be concentrated by evaporation if low sugar content was obtained. The hydrolysate is then transferred to the fermentation reactors to produce ethanol. The fermented product is distilled and dehydrated to achieve a concentration of 99.9% (v/v) which is needed for fuel quality specifications. Also, the residues of fermentation can be utilized to produce heat and electricity (Roesijad et al. 2010).
Determination of some adsorption and kinetic parameters of α-amylase onto Cu+2-PHEMA beads embedded column
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Ömür Acet, Neşe Hayat Aksoy, Demet Erdönmez, Mehmet Odabaşı
The demand of amylases is continuously increasing due to the industrial applications of these hydrolases: hydrolysed starch processing in the form of glucose and fructose syrups, alcoholic beverage processing, textiles, bioethanol manufacturing and others. The human amylases, salivary and pancreatic, are used in clinical aims because of their ability to determine salivary and pancreatic gland disorders [6]. Lately, the market of bioethanol production from starch and microalgae has been encouraged. An assumption has been made that production and application of enzymes in various markets would grow to 17.5 billion dollars in 2024. Hence, production of α-amylase is of considerable value, and the separation of α-amylase constitutes is important for many disciplines.
Enhancement of Biochemical and Nutritional Contents of Some Cultivated Seaweeds Under Laboratory Conditions
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2018
Mona M. Ismail, Mostafa El-Sheekh
In early studies, Rao (1974) and Oza and Gorasia (2001) recommended that economically important seaweeds with different industrial and medical applications should be maintained in enriched seawater mainly for spore production and the reproductive process. Goh and Lee (2010) stated that the laboratory cultivation of macroalgae is suitable for bioethanol production. The genetically engineered macroalgae are used for the production of renewable energy such as bioethanol, and therefore, they should be cultured in enclosed bioreactors (Rajkumar et al., 2014).
Ethanol production from cassava starch by protoplast fusants of Wickerhamomyces anomalus and Galactomyces candidum
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2020
Tolulope Modupe Adeleye, Sharafadeen Olateju Kareem, Mobolaji O. Bankole, Olusegun Atanda, Abideen I. Adeogun
The enzymes and microorganisms being used for the bio-ethanol production from cassava are very critical to the production efficiency and output. Lack of industrially suitable microorganisms for converting biomass into fuel ethanol has been highlighted as a major technical roadblock to developing the bio-ethanol industry [14]. Fermentation of sugars with the production of ethanol is widely distributed among microorganisms in which the chief ethanol producers are yeasts, especially strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae [15]. However, the term ‘yeast’ had been used by many to indicate the species known as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, while there are about 1000 known species and S. cerevisiae is just one. Approximately 1,500 species of yeasts have been described [16]. However, this number has been estimated to be only 1% of all the yeast species [17]. Wickerhamomyces anomalus and Galacto-myces candidum are non-saccharomyces ascomycetes (phylum Ascomycota: subphylum Sacch-aromycotina: class Saccharomycetes: order Saccharomycetales) which constitute a -monophyletic group of economically and environmentally important fungi. This group of yeasts produces CO2 that makes bread rise and ferment sugary substrates to alcohol [18]. G. candidum which has been proposed as a starter for the fermentation of dairy products is commonly isolated from soil, air, water, milk, cheese, silage, plant tissues, digestive tract in humans and other mammals [19]. W. anomalus, also known as Pichia anomala and Hansenula anomala, contributes to wine aroma by producing volatile compounds during the processing of food and grain products under optimum conditions of fermentation [20]. There are reports of studies on the use of W. anomalus under various culture conditions such as the electrochemical cells in fermentation for production of ethanol and other various industrially important products using substrates ranging from simple sugars to lignocellulosics [21,22].