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Bifonazole
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Bifonazole is an imidazole-type antifungal drug that kills fungi and yeasts by interfering with their cell membranes. It is used for the topical treatment of various superficial fungal infections, including tinea pedis (athlete’s foot) (1).
Topical Products Applied to the Nail
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Apoorva Panda, Avadhesh Kushwaha, H.N. Shivakumar, S. Narasimha Murthy
Chemical avulsion is a more preferred procedure over surgical avulsion, as it is painless. This treatment modality is mostly used for patients suffering from collagen vascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, hemostasis and diabetes mellitus (Albom, 1977). Keratolytic agents such as urea and salicylic acid are often used in this mode of therapy, as they dissolve the bonds found in the nail plate and those between the nail plate and nail bed. Urea (40% w/v) is quite effective in chemical avulsion of dystrophic nail. Chemical avulsion basically employs a two-step treatment in which the first week involves a nail-softening procedure followed by two weeks of treatment so as to completely remove the nail plate. Following the two-step procedure, bifonazole topical cream (1% w/v) is prescribed for the complete eradication of the fungal infection (Albom, 1977). Antifungal drugs and keratolytic agents are used in combination with chemical avulsion to ensure complete eradication of fungal infections. Chemical avulsion therapy has a lower rate of recurrence as compared to surgical avulsion and decreases the risk of hemorrhage. Hence, chemical avulsion is a more preferred method compared to surgical avulsion (Siegle and Swanson, 1982). The only major disadvantage with the chemical avulsion method is that it employs a prolonged treatment duration (Jellinek, 2007; Baran et al., 2008; South and Farber, 1980).
Topical Azoles
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Joanne L. Sharp, Michael A. Pfaller
Local adverse effects are experienced by about 4% of patients treated with bifonazole (Lackner and Clissold, 1989; Alomar et al., 1995). Approximately 2% of women in clinical trials experienced local reactions to butoconazole (Bradbeer et al., 1985). Clotrimazole is usually well tolerated but some local reactions have been described (see Table 161.3) (Spiekermann and Young, 1976). Cross-reactivity with other imidazoles used as topical agents is rarely observed (Kalb and Grossman, 1985; Raulin and Frosch, 1988). Small amounts of clotrimazole are absorbed from the vagina. Patients have described a flu-like syndrome when administered both the vaginal cream and the suppository of terconazole (Geiger, 1988; Hyder et al., 1994). Clinical trials have demonstrated excellent safety and efficacy of 10% efinaconazole in the treatment of onychomycosis. Most topical azoles have shown some local reactions, and these are summarized in Table 161.3 (Gupta and Paquet, 2014; Gupta and Simpson, 2014; Lipner and Scher, 2015).
Endothelial dysfunction: a therapeutic target in bacterial sepsis?
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2021
Jean-Louis Vincent, Can Ince, Peter Pickkers
Therapeutic targeting of the angiopoietin-Tie pathway has resulted in beneficial effects in some animal models of sepsis [67,74,75]. Matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-14 can mediate Tie2 ectodomain shedding, so that pharmacological MMP-14 blockade may have endothelial protective effects predominantly by attenuation of Tie2 cleavage [76]. The anti-fungal agent bifonazole may improve vascular barrier function by decreasing the release of Angpt-2 [77]. In a murine model of peritonitis, administration of a pan-caspase inhibitor limited capillary leakage, suggesting a deleterious role of endothelial cell apoptosis [78]. Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) may also be an option. This approach did not improve outcome in an animal model of sepsis [79], but a recent study indicated that dual inhibition of Angpt-2 and VEGF improved outcomes in a murine sepsis model [80]. It is still possible, however, that this dual inhibition strategy does not provide additional benefit compared to therapeutics that only inhibit Angpt-2.
Biointerface: a nano-modulated way for biological transportation
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2020
Pravin Shende, Varun S. Wakade
Oral drug delivery is an essential route for the administration of dosage form with the limited bioavailability in most of the compounds like itraconazole and bifonazole. This leads to the development of new drug carriers like liposomes for effective oral drug delivery [63]. Complex of a microsized particle with nano silicon-wires adhering to the epithelium of colon carcinoma (CaCo2) cell surface by apical microvilli showed the increase in adhesion and lift-off force to increase the cell permeability. The planar shape of microparticles plays a fundamental role in adherence to the cell surface and delivers the therapeutics to treat dysfunction [9]. The planar shape is preferred over spherical because of higher drug loading efficiency and large surface area. An increase in contact time enhances trans-epithelial permeation and causes gene delivery, which is a novel concept for mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. An exciting example involves insulin with planar nanowires coated particles showed constant release from 1 to 4 h. The immunohistochemical study claimed that the planar silica particles coated with nanowires consisting of epithelial cells showed a tendency to lose the tight junction in comparison to spherical particles and facilitated the drug transport across the epithelium [53]. HeLa (Henrietta Lacks) cells contain 70–90 chromosomes with 20 translocations coated with silicon nanowire modified with DNA and siRNA in microarray form for controlling the cell activity and functioning to treat resistant tumour cells in the presence of radiations [64,65].
Nanotechnological interventions in dermatophytosis: from oral to topical, a fresh perspective
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2019
Riya Bangia, Gajanand Sharma, Sunil Dogra, Om Prakash Katare
This antifungal drug is found to have one to four times lower Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) than terbinafine against T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes [40]. It is reported that luliconazole 1% holds potential of eradicating dermatophytic infections caused by T. mentagrophytes in an experimental model and it takes half the time or less than that required by terbinafine 1% and bifonazole 1% creams [41]. This potential drug was given approval by the FDA in November 2013 for the therapy of tinea pedis, tinea corporis, and tinea cruris [40]. Topical application of 1% luliconazole, once daily for 7 days, is recommended for tinea cruris and tinea corporis and for 14 days in case of tinea pedis over the affected site.