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Consumer Views on Health Issues Arising from Food Products
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Santosh K. Mishra, Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in Food Design, 2022
Harita R. Desai, Murlidhar Meghwal
Benzoates (E210–E219): Food products like jams, salads, creams, and marinated fish have been found to contain benzoic acid and its salts as additives. Use of these synthetic food additives has been associated with symptoms of angioedema, asthma, urticarial, and behavioral hyperactivity in children [36].
Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Uses of benzyl benzoate include or have included: pediculicide, acaricide, in synthetic musks, confectionery flavors and chewing gum flavors, fixative, plasticizer for cellulose acetate and nitrocellulose, remedy for scabies, dye carrier, antispasmodic, and repellant for chiggers, mosquitoes and ticks on man (U.S. National Library of Medicine).
The administration of medicines to children
Published in Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara, Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara
Benzyl alcohol and benzoate salts may be used as co-solvents or preservatives and may not be tolerated by neonates when metabolism is immature. ‘Gasping syndrome’ and death have been described in neonates treated with intravenous saline preserved with benzyl alcohol [5,6]. Preparations such as lorazepam injection and amiodarone injection contain benzyl alcohol and have been contraindicated for children up to 3 years of age. Use of such excipients is potentially denying useful drugs to this age group.
Toxicological impact of sodium benzoate on inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress and biochemical markers in male Wistar rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Ishfaq Shafi Khan, Khalid Bashir Dar, Showkat Ahmad Ganie, Md. Niamat Ali
Use of sodium benzoate in food and pharmaceutical products is widely acknowledged as safe as per food and drug administration (Nair 2001). However some sources have claimed that negative impacts arise by long term or short term uptake of sodium benzoate (Fujitani 1993). At concentration of 647–825 mg/kg b.wt of SB the International Program on Chemical Safety observed no detrimental impact on humans (Wibbertmann et al. 2005). The Turkey's Ministry of Health declared the appropriate dose of SB in 2003 is 500–1000 mg/kg. The Joint FAO/WHO Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) has approved an appropriate dosage of 0–5 mg/kg of sodium benzoate per day (Yadav et al. 2016). Food and drug administration permits 300 mg of sodium benzoate per kg b.wt. Despite the small daily intake dose of SB, its continuous long term intake may be harmful for users. Sodium benzoate was proved to be highly mutagenic when human blood cells were treated with varying doses of SB (6.25–100 µg/mL) (Zengin et al. 2011).
An overview of PLGA in-situ forming implants based on solvent exchange technique: effect of formulation components and characterization
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2021
Tarek Metwally Ibrahim, Nagia Ahmed El-Megrab, Hanan Mohammed El-Nahas
Several solvents have formerly been used for the formulation of ISFI systems. Commonly utilized solvents for dissolving the PLGA polymer can be differentiated into two major species: highly water-miscible solvents and non-miscible ones. Common examples of the former include NMP, DMSO, acetone, propylene glycol, tetrahydrofuran, glycofurol, 2-pyrrolidone and benzyl alcohol. While, the latter includes benzyl benzoate, ethyl acetate, triacetin and triethyl citrate (Wang et al. 2003). The highly water-soluble organic solvents are known as strong solvents (Eliaz and Szoka 2002). These solvents enable the formation of homogeneous gel depots and help the system to be easily injected. This is attributed to the development of a fast phase inverting system formed within a few seconds or minutes. This can provide highly hydrophilic environment and low viscous solution achieving an easy administration of injection (Che et al. 2014). On the other hand, hydrophobic solvents are recognized as weak solvents (Parent et al. 2013). Utilization of such solvents can result in the presence of a slow phase inverting system developed within weeks or months. This system can minimize the affinity between the polymeric solution and water resulting in the reduction of the liquid-liquid phase separation rate and then the rate of gelation (Ahmed et al. 2014).
MICROBIOTA INSIGHTS IN CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
C. Rodríguez, E. Romero, L. Garrido-Sanchez, G. Alcaín-Martínez, RJ. Andrade, B. Taminiau, G. Daube, E. García-Fuentes
Several studies have reported an increase in the Pasteurellaceae and/or Enterobacteriaceae families in patients with CD.37–40,45-47,49,68 Gut inflammation and chronic colitis have been further associated with an important increase of Enterobacteriaceae family68 and an oxidative stress in the gut. A recent study goes beyond and suggests Enterobacteriaceae as stool biomarkers in IBD.45 There are several metabolic changes that promote oxidative stress at the mucosal surface of IBD patients and favor an increased level or depletion of different taxa that use mucin as a primary energy source.37,38 Specifically, the increase in components of the benzoate metabolic pathway (aminobenzoate and fluorobenzoate degradation) seems to be directly associated with Enterobacteriaceae growth, virulence, and stress response.40 Bacteria such as Salmonella or enterohemorrhagic E. coli would take advantage of these redox stresses and therefore proliferate to a large extent. Indeed, in the ileum mucosa of CD patients and in the fecal samples of UC patients,60 high numbers of adherent and invasive E. coli have been found, as well as a high prevalence of antibodies directed against E. coli outer membrane porin C (OmpC) and flagellin. It seems that E. coli acts as an opportunistic pathogen and is directly implicated in the disease, with the induction of the production of cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and IL8,39 and an increase in mucin degradation.