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Food Additives
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
For example, annatto (E160b, a natural color ingredient found in margarine, Cheshire cheese, smoked fish, and cakes) and tartrazine (a sulfonated dye, E102) have been shown to induce allergic-type reactions in some people. The co-presence of preservative sodium benzoate or potassium benzoate (E212) and ascorbic acid (vitamin C, E300) in soft drinks may lead to the formation of carcinogenic benzene. Preservatives sodium nitrite (E250) and sodium nitrate (E251) used in processed cured meats (e.g., ham and bacon) may be converted into nitrosamines in the stomach, which increase the risk of colorectal cancer in humans. In addition, the preservatives sulfites (e.g., sodium bisulfite [E222], sodium metabisulfite [E223], and potassium bisulfite [E228]) found in wine, beer, and dried fruit may trigger asthmatic episodes and cause migraines in some people. In Australia, about 50 of the 400 currently approved additives have been linked to adverse reactions in people.
Association between asthma and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in the United States pediatric population
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2022
Luyu Xie, Folefac Atem, Andrew Gelfand, George Delclos, Sarah E. Messiah
Two possible biochemical mechanisms explaining the association between asthma and sugary drinks have been previously proposed. First, most SSB use sodium benzoate or potassium benzoate as a preservative, which has been shown to cause wheezing and exacerbate asthma symptoms (8,23,24), However, a recent longitudinal birth cohort study that enrolled 60 466 participants from Denmark found asthma was only positively associated with artificially sweetened soft drinks (ASB) consumption, and not with SSB consumption (12). Hence, the association between SSB and asthma may be due to other components other than preservatives because both ASB and SSB contain preservatives. Second, sugar-sweetened fruit drinks in particular contain large amounts of fructose corn sirup that might promote inflammation, cause chronic airway mucus hypersecretion, and eventually trigger asthmatic episodes (10,25,26). A more recent longitudinal research suggested the excess consumption of SSB was associated with 2 – 3.5 times higher asthma incidence among the US toddlers (27).
A γ-cyclodextrin-based metal–organic framework (γ-CD-MOF): a review of recent advances for drug delivery application
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2022
Asma Hamedi, Anastasia Anceschi, Alessia Patrucco, Mahdi Hasanzadeh
Al-Gahmdi and co-workers synthesised two different γ-CDs using potassium hydroxide and potassium benzoate as sources of K+ ion named CD-MOF-a and CD-MOF-b, respectively by using the vapour diffusion crystallisation process at room temperature [67]. The N2 isotherms of CD-MOF-an and CD-MOF-b samples were used for investigating the potential drug delivery system. Type-I isotherms were observed for both the CD-MOFs, but CD-MOF-a has a larger surface area than CD-MOF-b. This difference can be attributed to the presence of the benzoate as counter-anions in the pores of CD-MOF-b. SEM analysis revealed that the morphology, size, and shape of a crystal were influenced by the source of metal ions. CD-MOF-b had a larger size may be due to lower nucleation rate and slower crystal growth. The presence of benzoate counter-anions has a great influence on crystal growth. Both CD-MOF-an and CD-MOF-b were evaluated for the encapsulation of acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde is a natural antifungal, but it is water-soluble and volatile and so it requires to be stabilised. The acetaldehyde was successfully loaded in CD-MOF-b with good release kinetics. To quantify the amount of acetaldehyde encapsulated, TGA was used. Around 4% of acetaldehyde loaded was found out. The strong quadrupole-quadrupole interactions between acetaldehyde and electron-rich aromatic ring of benzoate counter-anion still entrap in the MOF structure could promote the successful encapsulation of acetaldehyde in the γ-CD-MOF-b. The acetaldehyde released from 1 g of CD-MOF-b is 53 μg after 5 h and 30 μg after 24 h.
The Association between the Preservative Agents in Foods and the Risk of Breast Cancer
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2019
Fardin Javanmardi, Jamal Rahmani, Fatemeh Ghiasi, Hadi Hashemi Gahruie, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
Food preservatives are often used in the food industry to preserve products against the growth of microorganisms and reduce deteriorative chemical reactions (10,43). Among them, benzoate is the first-line preservative approved by the FDA (Number: 7; ID code: 532-32-1) (44,45). Benzoic acid and its salt are widely used in many foodstuffs with pH ≤ 4.5 such as salad dressing, carbonated beverage, fruit juice, pickle, lime juice, and mayonnaise (12,46). Hippuric acid is a byproduct of the interaction of glycine and benzoate and excreted in urine (47). The elimination of hippurate can compensate for the high daily dietary intake of benzoate (48). The genotoxic, cytotoxic, and mutagenic properties of sodium and potassium benzoate were demonstrated in vitro studies for the genome of lymphocyte (49,50). The suggested mechanism is the inhibition of factors corresponding to DNA repair by benzoate salts (51). The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) has established an adequate daily intake (ADI) of 0–5 mg/kg of body weight for benzoic acid and benzoate salts, benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, and benzaldehyde (52).