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Stimulants: cocaine, amphetamines and party drugs
Published in Berry Beaumont, David Haslam, Care of Drug Users in General Practice, 2021
Amphetamine is the most frequently used illicit stimulant, partly because it is cheap. Roughly 20% of young adults have used amphetamine but only 2% have used cocaine. However, amphetamine use appears to be declining slightly and cocaine use to be increasing. Methamphetamine and khat are widely used abroad but not much as yet in the UK. Methylphenidate (Ritalin) is very similar to amphetamine. The amount prescribed for the treatment of attention deficit disorder has increased and there is evidence that some is diverted and abused.
An uncomfortable intimacy
Published in Alan Bleakley, Medical Education, Politics and Social Justice, 2020
In the pharmacracy, behaviours previously seen as virtuous or wicked, wise or unwise are now dealt with as healthy or sick – to be controlled as if they were health issues. This is not to say that children do not suffer from “attention deficit” or “hyperactivity”. Rather it is their totalizing as medical conditions that has changed historically, where such behaviours before may have had a much higher threshold of tolerance and be seen as merely confusing or troublesome. Once, “depression” was “melancholia”, a condition of deep introversion often admired. Now it is stigmatized and widely treated. Again this is not to say that depression cannot be debilitating, but reactive depressions such as mourning should not be subject to medicalization but allowed to run their course. As mentioned earlier, even death is now a medical condition, as Illich was at pains to point out.
Clonazepam and Nitrazepam
Published in Stanley R. Resor, Henn Kutt, The Medical Treatment of Epilepsy, 2020
In a general review of prenatal exposure to the benzodiazepines (especially DZP), Grimm (23) found patients with transient adverse effects such as hypotonia at birth associated with apnea, hypothermia, and poor sucking. The withdrawal symptoms included tremor, loose stools, vomiting, hyperactivity, and hypertonicity. In other patients, long-term effects have been found consisting of learning disabilities and behavior problems similar to the attention deficit syndrome.
Is sustained attention deficit related to subclinical obsessive thoughts in children and adolescents with ADHD?
Published in International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 2020
Hugues Lamothe, Eric Acquaviva, Jean–Marc Baleyte, Richard Delorme
An exploration of sustained attention deficit was performed with the CPT-II, which is a validated assessment tool for measuring attention-related problems in individuals aged 6 years and older (Homack and Riccio 2006). This computed tool consists of 6 blocks, in which targets are white letters on a black screen. These letters are presented to individuals who have to maintain their focus over a period of about 14 minutes (Homack and Riccio 2006) to either respond to targets (hit the spacebar when any letters are presented) or inhibit their response to non-targets (not hit the spacebar when an ‘x’ letter is presented). Letters are randomly shown over a period of 250 milliseconds (Homack and Riccio 2006). The inter-stimuli intervals are 1, 2, or 4 seconds, each duration corresponding to the presentation of one block (Figure 1; Homack and Riccio 2006). CPT-II measures different aspects of attention such as sustained attention, inattentiveness, impulsivity, and vigilance, providing objective information regarding an individual’s attentional difficulties. Four main responses were considered: omissions (failure to respond to target letters), commissions (responses given to non-targets), overall hit reaction time (average speed of correct responses for the entire test), and the overall standard error (a measure of response speed consistency; the higher the overall standard error, the greater the inconsistency in the response speed).
Pre-school mental health disorders: a review
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2020
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity. ADHD is the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorder in children, with estimates ranging from about 5 to 10% (Danielson et al., 2018; Gilliam, 2005). About 30% of children with ADHD receive the diagnosis before the age of 6. Primary care providers most commonly make the diagnosis (53%), psychologists account for 14%, leaving less than a third who are diagnosed by psychiatrists (Gilliam, 2005). ADHD can be diagnosed and treated if a child presents with symptoms of developmentally inappropriate levels of inattention or hyperactivity/impulsivity that are impairing and have been present for more than 6 months across multiple settings. Additionally, the history and physical examination should not point to another diagnosis (Wolraich et al., 2011).
Cognitive behavior stress management during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial
Published in Contemporary Nurse, 2019
Jinzhi Li, Dongfang Shao, Xiaoyue Xu, Yu Zhang, Yumin Jiang, John Hall
Although there were inconsistent findings regarding when stress reaches the highest level, it is no doubt to say that preventing and controlling stress level during early pregnancy would benefit for women’s mental health during the whole process of pregnancy. Early pregnancy is the critical period of fetal nervous system development so stress during early pregnancy has significant effects on the child’s nervous system (Van Dijk, Van Eijsden, Stronks, Gemke, & Vrijkotte, 2012), which can result in cognitive and emotional development as well as behavioral disorders (Sandman, Davis, Buss, & Glynn, 2011). It can also increase the risk of children suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder syndrome (Arffin, AL-Bayaty, & Hassan, 2012). Therefore, interventions at the early stage of the pregnancy to reduce stress result in better maternal and child health outcomes.