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Physico-Chemical Methods for the Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Plant Derivatives and Phytomedicines in Brazil
Published in Luzia Valentina Modolo, Mary Ann Foglio, Brazilian Medicinal Plants, 2019
Paula Carolina Pires Bueno, Alberto José Cavalheiro
The determination of heavy metals can be made in terms of limit tests for specific metals or total metals, using techniques such as colorimetry, voltammetry or atomic absorption. However, the heavy metal determination using atomic absorption spectrometry provides more accurate and reliable results.
Principles and Problems of Cadmium Analysis
Published in Lars Friberg, Tord Kjellström, Carl-Gustaf Elinder, Gunnar F. Nordberg, Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal, 2019
Carl-Gustaf Elinder, Birger Lind
During the last decades, atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) has become the most commonly used method of analysis. Equipped with facilities for electrothermal atomization (ETA) and automatic compensation for nonspecific atomic absorption, the method enables measurement of cadmium in biological fluids at concentrations as low as 0.1 to 0.3 μg/ℓ. Different electrochemical methods are of particular value for measurement of cadmium in solutions. Activation analysis and spark source mass spectrometry serve as important reference methods which can be used for analytical quality control purposes.
Standardization of Herbal Drugs
Published in Ravindra Kumar Pandey, Shiv Shankar Shukla, Amber Vyas, Vishal Jain, Parag Jain, Shailendra Saraf, Fingerprinting Analysis and Quality Control Methods of Herbal Medicines, 2018
Ravindra Kumar Pandey, Shiv Shankar Shukla, Amber Vyas, Vishal Jain, Parag Jain, Shailendra Saraf
Contamination by toxic metals can either be accidental or intentional. Contamination by heavy metals such as mercury, lead, copper, cadmium, and arsenic in herbal remedies can be attributed to many causes, including environmental pollution, and can pose clinically relevant dangers for the health of the user and should, therefore, be limited. Arsenic and heavy metals are dangerous even in trace amounts and must be removed from herbal drugs. Arsenic is abundant in nature and its presence in herbal materials should be no different from its wide occurrence in foods. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) is used for the determination of the amount or concentration of specific heavy metals. AAS uses the phenomenon that atoms in the ground state absorb light of a specific wavelength, characteristic of the particular atom, when the light passes through an atomic vapor layer of the element to be determined. The contamination of medicinal plant materials with arsenic and heavy metals can be attributed to many causes, including environmental pollution and traces of pesticides. The contents of lead and cadmium may be determined by inverse voltametry or by atomic emission spectrophotometry. The following maximum amounts in dried plant materials, which are based on the ADI values, are proposed for lead (10 mg/kg) and cadmium (0.3 mg/kg).
Appraisal of surface water quality in vicinity of industrial areas and associated ecological and human health risks: a study on the Bangshi river in Bangladesh
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Mahmuda Binte Latif, Md. Abul Kalam Khalifa, Mir Md. Mozammal Hoque, Md. Shakir Ahammed, Alisha Islam, Md. Humayun Kabir, Tanmoy Roy Tusher
Temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) were estimated on-site at the time of water sampling. Temperature, pH, and DO were estimated by utilizing digital thermometer, pH, and DO meter (Hannah, Woonsocket, RI, USA), respectively, while the EC and TDS were analyzed by utilizing advanced EC and TDS meter (HM digital, Redondo Beach, CA, USA), respectively. All the digital meters used were normalized by deionized water and buffer solution ahead of test investigation. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was determined by two stages where introductory DO1 was estimated quickly after assortment, and following 5 days DO5 was estimated through brooding in obscurity condition at 20 °C for 5 days. At that point BOD was then determined by Huq and Alam (2005). Total hardness (TH) was dictated by utilizing titration method. For the analysis of heavy metals the prepared samples were taken in vials and analyzed for iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) (Model: AA-7000, Shimadzu, Japan), at the laboratory of Institute of Neuclear Science and Technology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Savar, Dhaka.
Assessment of trace element toxicity in surface water of a fish breeding river in Bangladesh: a novel approach for ecological and health risk evaluation
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Md. Refat Jahan Rakib, Yeasmin Nahar Jolly, Bilkis Ara Begum, Tasrina Rabia Choudhury, Konika Jannat Fatema, Md. Saiful Islam, Mir Mohammad Ali, Abubakr M. Idris
All chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade, while deionized water was used for solution preparation. About 500 ml of river water was filtered using Whatman® 41 filter paper. Water samples were filtered through 0.45 µm filters, cellulose nitrate. Then the water was acidified by adding 1 ml of 65% HNO3 acid, taken into two individual 300 ml beaker by dividing the water samples into 250 ml, reduced to 25 ml by using hotplate. For metal analysis, 20 ml water sample was treated with 5 ml 69% HNO3 acid and 2 ml 30% H2O2 in a closed Teflon vessel and was digested in a Microwave Digestion System. For arsenic analysis 0.5 ml of potassium iodide, 0.5 ml of ascorbic acid and 3 ml of HNO3 was added. Further dilution was made as per required for metal analysis by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).
Development of an algorithm for effective design of respirator half-masks and encapsulated particle filters
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Serhii Cheberyachko, Yurii Cheberyachko, Mykola Naumov, Oleg Deryugin
During the study, the testers performed sequentially the exercises provided for in Standard No. EN 140:1998/AC:1999: normal breathing; deep breathing; head movements from side to side; head movements up and down; conversation aloud; walking on a treadmill at a speed of 6 km/h. Each exercise was performed for 2 min. Each examiner made three measurements for each exercise. The result was averaged and entered into a special table in the ‘Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy program’ (AAS-2009, version 2), which provides for the definition of statistics in accordance with Standard No. ISO 5725-6: 1994. The results of the study are presented in Table 6.