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Principles and Problems of Cadmium Analysis
Published in Lars Friberg, Tord Kjellström, Carl-Gustaf Elinder, Gunnar F. Nordberg, Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal, 2019
Carl-Gustaf Elinder, Birger Lind
The basic principle underlying atomic absorption is the capacity of atoms in their ground energy stage to absorb radiation of specific energies. The specific radiation energies which are absorbed by an atom are emitted from the same element when it is excited (see Section III. B). Atomized cadmium thus absorbs radiation from light emitted by a cadmium lamp. The decrease in energy of the radiation passing through the atomized metal gas is proportional to its concentration. There are two major methods for the atomization of a sample: the flame method and electrothermal atomization (ETA). The latter method is also termed the graphite furnace method, flameless or heated graphite atomization.
Heavy Metal Content of Ayurvedic Formulations
Published in Saroya Amritpal Singh, Regulatory and Pharmacological Basis of Ayurvedic Formulations, 2017
The present study was carried out to quantitatively analyze the levels of six potentially toxic heavy metals viz., Arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) in ten important Indian medicinal plants. The air dried, powdered plant materials were subjected to microwave assisted wet digestion for the preparation of test samples. The samples were analyzed by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with graphite tube atomizer. From the results of the present investigation, it can be inferred that the levels of all six hazardous heavy metals were below the permissible limits in all ten medicinal plants analyzed (Singh, Bhattacharya and Sharma 2014).
Dictionary
Published in Mario P. Iturralde, Dictionary and Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Imaging, 1990
Atomic absorption spectroscopy. This is a method of chemical analysis where a flame photometer measures the absorption of particular wavelengths of light when passing through a flame in which atoms from metal salts (e.g., sodium and potassium) are being ionized. Small samples of body fluids are aspirated into a nebulizer and injected into a flame of propane or natural gas, or into a flameless electrothermal arc (e.g., carbon rod furnaces). Light is passed through the flame generated by a hollow cathode lamp lined with a coating of the metal to be analyzed. The characteristic spectral lines of the metal in question are radiated from the lamp and partially absorbed in the flame. A photometer detecting the radiation passing out of the flame can measure the quantity absorbed. Light emitted in the flame is separated from that absorbed, by pulsing the light source.
Neuroprotective effect of Bryophyllum pinnatum flavonoids against aluminum chloride-induced neurotoxicity in rats
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2022
Joyce Oloaigbe Ogidigo, Chioma Assumpta Anosike, Parker Elijah Joshua, Collins U. Ibeji, Bennett C. Nwanguma, Okwesili Fred Chiletugo Nwodo
Aluminum concentration of the brain tissues (hippocampus and cortex) was estimated by atomic absorption spectroscopy as reported previously by LeGendre and Alfrey (LeGendre and Alfrey 1976). Briefly, 0.1 g of the hippocampus was oven-dried for 12 h at a temperature of 80 °C and digested with perchloric acid/nitric acid in the ratio of 1:4. The mixture was left to stand overnight. Next, the mixture containing the sample was heated until the endpoint of transparent or colorless residue was obtained. When the residue was properly cooled, it was diluted with nitric acid. The standard aluminum solution (Al standard reserve liquid and deionized water) was used. A Perkin Elmer PEAA800 atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Fremont, CA, USA) was used to determine the absorbance of each sample, and a wavelength was set at 309.3 nm. Total aluminum concentration was calculated in μg/g of tissue.
Assessment of trace element toxicity in surface water of a fish breeding river in Bangladesh: a novel approach for ecological and health risk evaluation
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Md. Refat Jahan Rakib, Yeasmin Nahar Jolly, Bilkis Ara Begum, Tasrina Rabia Choudhury, Konika Jannat Fatema, Md. Saiful Islam, Mir Mohammad Ali, Abubakr M. Idris
All chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade, while deionized water was used for solution preparation. About 500 ml of river water was filtered using Whatman® 41 filter paper. Water samples were filtered through 0.45 µm filters, cellulose nitrate. Then the water was acidified by adding 1 ml of 65% HNO3 acid, taken into two individual 300 ml beaker by dividing the water samples into 250 ml, reduced to 25 ml by using hotplate. For metal analysis, 20 ml water sample was treated with 5 ml 69% HNO3 acid and 2 ml 30% H2O2 in a closed Teflon vessel and was digested in a Microwave Digestion System. For arsenic analysis 0.5 ml of potassium iodide, 0.5 ml of ascorbic acid and 3 ml of HNO3 was added. Further dilution was made as per required for metal analysis by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).
Assessment of systemic inflammatory response markers in workers exposed to Pb from Pb battery plant
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
Ravi Babu Kalahasthi, Tapu Barman, Bhavani Shankara Bagepally
Two milliliters of venous whole blood was collected in a heparinized vacuette from the study subjects and was stored at −20 °C until the analysis. Using ETHOS-D, (Milestone Microwave Laboratory Systems, Sorisole, BG, Italy), 2 ml of whole blood was digested with 2 ml of nitric acid (HNO3) and 0.2 ml of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) while maintaining power, temperature and duration of process. The digested samples were made up to 5 ml using distilled water and centrifuged. The concentration of lead was measured using Barman et al. (2014) method with atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (GBC Scientific Equipment limited-Avanta P, Australia). A standard solution of 20 μg/dL of Pb was prepared from the stock standard solution obtained from the Merck (1.19776.0500) and added to the lowest concentration of the sample. The analysis found 100% recovery with % RSD at <0.5 for three replicates and the BLL was expressed as μg/dL.