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Essential Oils: Clinical Perspectives And Uses
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
Jugreet Bibi Sharmeen, Mahomoodally Mohamad Fawzi
It has also been reported that the main mechanism of aromatherapy may be associated with the brain limbic system. Aromatic components are believed to be able to activate olfactory cells for transmitting signals to the brain and therefore affect the autonomic nervous system and hormone secretion (Kagawa et al., 2003). In furtherance, aromatherapy combined with massage has been claimed to be relaxing, stress-, and pain-relieving, with the capacity to reduce blood pressure (BP) and boost the immune system (Tisserand, 1990). The use of aromatherapy massage as a complementary therapy is also increasing in popularity in palliative care owing to its positive effects on pain, psychological, and physical symptoms, and the overall quality of life (Wilkinson et al., 1999; Soden et al., 2004; Ching, 2005).
Substance Abuse during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
The “fetal solvent syndrome” was observed among infants born to women who “huffed” or “sniffed” toluene, gasoline, benzene, and other aromatic liquids during pregnancy. The solvent syndrome is associated with prenatal growth retardation (low birth weight, microcephaly), dysmorphic facial features (facies) that similar to FAS, and digital malformations (short phalanges, nail hypoplasia). Gravidas who use a substance of abuse during pregnancy, including inhalants, frequently use other substances, including alcohol (ethanol). This makes it difficult to attribute effects to a single causative agent. Case reports support an independent inhalant syndrome such as toluene or gasoline, independently of concurrent use of other substances of abuse. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the fetal solvent syndrome is associated with significant mental retardation, IQs less than 70. Occupational exposure to organic solvents cannot be compared to inhalant abuse because doses in occupational exposure are much lower. A total of 14 cases of CNS abnormalities in infants whose mothers abused organic solvents during pregnancy were reported in Finnish health registry (Holmberg, 1979).
Drug Allergy
Published in Pudupakkam K Vedanthan, Harold S Nelson, Shripad N Agashe, PA Mahesh, Rohit Katial, Textbook of Allergy for the Clinician, 2021
Patch testing involves applying a drug directly to the skin surface for 24–72 hours to allow penetration through the epidermis and activation of the immune system. It is highly effective for the diagnosis of type IV hypersensitivity contact dermatitis to numerous topical drugs. Common examples include the antimicrobials neomycin and bacitracin. Patch testing is not validated for the diagnosis of cutaneous drug reactions to systemically administered drugs. There is limited evidence that it may be useful with specific medications such as some beta-lactams, sulfonamide antibiotics and aromatic anticonvulsants. This may be useful in the diagnosis of specific type IV cutaneous reactions including maculopapular exanthams, fixed drug eruptions and AGEP. However, sensitivity and specificity of such testing is generally poor. Notably it is not useful in assessing for the severe cutaneous drug reactions SJS/TEN or DRESS.
Effect of aromatherapy on quality of life in maintenance hemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Renal Failure, 2023
Cong Zhang, Hang Mu, Yong-Fang Yang, Yong Zhang, Wen-Jun Gou
Two researchers (ZY and ZC) performed a comprehensive literature search, and 22 relevant studies that met all eligibility criteria were obtained. To examine all relevant randomized control trials (RCTs) regardless of publication status, we searched the PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and CNKI databases for articles published prior to 6 May 2022 (Table S1). The following keywords were used: ‘aromatherapy’, ‘aromatic essential oils’, ‘aromatic massage’, ‘inhaled aromatherapy’, ‘haemodialysis’, and ‘MHD’ Reference lists from the identified studies were also searched for potentially eligible articles. Preliminary publications were imported into EndNote X9.1 (Clarivate Analytics, Philadelphia, PA), duplicate records and irrelevant studies were removed, and appropriate studies with detailed classification were compiled.
Optimizing outcomes and managing adverse events in locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer: a clinical pharmacology perspective
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2023
Pratap Singh, Anand Rotte, Anthony A. Golsorkhi, Sandhya Girish
Smoking is the most common risk factor for BC accounting for nearly two-thirds of cases in men and one-third cases in women [9,10]. The risk of bladder cancer has been shown to be approximately 4-fold higher in smokers compared to those who have never smoked before [11], possibly because tobacco carcinogens are eliminated through urine and are likely stored in the bladder along with urine before elimination where they can affect the bladder [10]. Occupational exposure to chemicals used in paints, textiles, plastics, printers and rubber industries such as aromatic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is the second most common risk for BC [9,10]. Infection with Schistosoma haematobium parasite more commonly seen in Africa and Middle East is another risk factor mainly for squamous cell carcinomas (nonurothelial BC) [12]. Inflammation of bladder due to chronic urinary tract infections, chronic use of urinary catheters and bladder stones are also known to be risk factors for BC [10]. Finally, exposure to radiation and/or chemotherapy as part of treatment for other malignancies or autoimmune diseases has also been shown to be a risk factor BC [9,10].
Behavioral intervention approaches for people with disorders of consciousness: a scoping review
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Giulio E. Lancioni, Nirbhay N. Singh, Mark F. O’Reilly, Jeff Sigafoos, Lorenzo Desideri
Moattari et al. [34] recruited 60 comatose patients and randomly assigned them to one of three groups. The first two groups received a 30-min sensory stimulation session a day for seven days from a family member and a nurse, respectively. The third group received usual care. The stimulation sessions included five phases. The first (awakening) phase lasted 5 min during which the family member or nurse introduced themselves to the patient, called the patient, opened the patient’s eyes and moved the patient’s body or wet the patient’s face. The second (auditory stimulation) phase lasted 10 min during which stimuli such as preferred music, recording of family members talking to him or her were presented. The third (visual stimulation) phase lasted 10 min and involved among others photos and a family film. The fourth (tactile stimulation) phase lasted 5 min and involved various forms of contact between the patient and the person conducting the session and selected objects. The fifth (olfactory stimulation) phase lasted 10 s and involved the presentation of aromatic stimuli. Data showed that the patients receiving stimulation from a family member achieved significantly higher Rancho Los Amigos [85] scores than the other two groups. The group with nurse-aided stimulation had better scores than the control group on the Western Neuro Sensory Stimulation Profile.