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Exopolysaccharide Production from Marine Bacteria and Its Applications
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Prashakha J. Shukla, Shivang B. Vhora, Ankita G. Murnal, Unnati B. Yagnik, Maheshwari Patadiya
The cell wall polysaccharides of aquatic, terrestrial plants and seaweeds are made up of hemicellulose. It contains D-glucose, D-xylose, L-arabinose, D-glucuronic acid, D-mannose, D-galactose, D-galacturonic acid, L-fucose, 4-O-methyl, L-rhamnose and O-methylated neutral sugars. Moreover, arabinoxylans, chitin, cellulose and pectins are also included.
Rice Bran as a Vaccine Adjuvant and as Prebiotics in Reducing Viral Diarrhea
Published in Lijuan Yuan, Vaccine Efficacy Evaluation, 2022
It is not known which components or specific compounds of RB contributed to the HRV diarrhea-reducing activities. However, heat-resistant amylase, protease, and hemicellulose-treated rice fiber, which has significantly lower contents of protein, lipids, and carbohydrates have been shown to be able to prevent diarrhea in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced experimental colitis mouse models (Komiyama et al., 2011). This result suggests that the dietary fiber portion of RB, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, may also play important roles in decreasing diarrhea during inflammatory bowel disease. In fact, arabinoxylan, a dietary fiber from RB, significantly decreased the diarrhea score in irritable bowel syndrome adult patients through its anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating activities (Kamiya et al., 2014). RB components promoting probiotic bacteria growth and colonization are likely to vary depending on the specific bacterial species. However, heat-resistant amylase, protease, and hemicellulase-treated dietary fiber were unable to increase the shedding of Lactobacillus spp and Bifidobacterium (Komiyama et al., 2011), suggesting that carbohydrate or lipid components of RB could be the main prebiotics for LGG and EcN in this study. A recent study in mice found that a 10% RB oil diet significantly increased the occupation ratios of Lactobacillales group of bacteria in the gut microbiota (Tamura et al., 2012). Further studies are underway to identify the RB components that are responsible for its HRV diarrhea fighting properties and prebiotic properties.
Plantago ovata (Isabgol) and Rauvolfia serpentina (Indian Snakeroot)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Ankur Anavkar, Nimisha Patel, Ahmad Ali, Hina Alim
P. ovata is a good source of natural polysaccharides. These polysaccharides in recent times have been used for drug delivery, removal of flocculants, etc. (Gonçalves and Romano, 2016). The polysaccharide consists of 65% D-xylose, 20% L-arabinose, 6% Rhamnose, and 9% D-galacturonic acid (Figure 13.3). P. ovata husk also includes 0.94% of protein, 4.07% of ash, and 6.83% of moisture. Carbohydrates constitute the largest part (84.98%) in the seed husk. Xylose (503.1 µg/g) and arabinose (203.2 µg/g) were the most abundant (Tewari et al., 2014; Franco et al., 2020). The soluble (arabinoxylan) and insoluble (cellulose, lignin) polysaccharides are present in the seed husk. The arabinoxylan and water-soluble hemicelluloses constitute around 60% of the husk. Arabinoxylan is a hemicellulose that has xylose and arabinose linked together. Arabinoxylan is known to have antioxidant activity and other health benefits. Both insoluble and soluble fibers help in restoration of gastrointestinal functions and reduction in risk of disorders such as constipation and hemorrhoids (Khan et al., 2021). Due to high fiber content, P. ovata degrades slowly causing formation of butyrate and acetate. The butyric acid is known to have antineoplastic activity against colorectal cancer. Thus, the polysaccharides also show anticancer activity (Tewari et al., 2014; Tlili et al., 2019; Franco et al., 2020).
Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG with flaxseed mucilage using co-extrusion technique
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2021
Kawai Lai, Yuhsuan How, Liewphing Pui
Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is one of the oldest crops that have been cultivated since the beginning of civilisation (Goyal et al.2014). It contains both soluble and insoluble fibres (Bernacchia et al.2014). The mucilage of flaxseed is located in the epidermal cell layer of the seed coat, and its extraction is achieved by aqueous method followed by a drying process (Emaga et al.2011). Seed mucilage is a soluble fibre that was hydrated and produced by mucilage secreting cells (Kreitschitz and Gorb 2018). The research claimed that seed mucilage showed good prebiotic potential as probiotics could utilise it for growth (Mueller et al.2017, Lai, et al.2020b). Its prebiotic properties are associated with the presence of arabinoxylan and were capable of stimulating the growth of L. acidophilus La-05 and has the potential to act as wall material for the encapsulation of probiotic (Bustamante et al.2015).
Microbial enterotypes beyond genus level: Bacteroides species as a predictive biomarker for weight change upon controlled intervention with arabinoxylan oligosaccharides in overweight subjects
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Lars Christensen, Claudia V. Sørensen, Frederikke U. Wøhlk, Louise Kjølbæk, Arne Astrup, Yolanda Sanz, Mads F. Hjorth, Alfonso Benítez-Páez
B. cellulosilyticus is a common species in the human gut and has been reported to colonize around 60% of the westerners,14 which is similar to our data [qPCR: 9/15; metagenomics (mOTU counts>100): 8/15]. B. cellulosilyticus has clearly defined xylan-degrading enzymes,14 grows especially well on wheat arabinoxylans,24 and even outcompetes other prevalent Bacteroides spp. in arabinoxylan-rich conditions.17 Our comparative analysis on CAZy gene content supports the previous experimental observations given that B. cellulosilyticus genome seems to be enriched in xylan binding and degrading enzymes, when compared to other common Bacteroides species present in the human gut, thus conferring it an advantage to uptake and metabolize this particular type of carbohydrates. Interestingly, Patnode et al. found that B. ovatus avoids arabinoxylan competition when co-residing with B. cellulosilyticus by shifting fermentation strategy during 10-day experiments, a metabolic flexibility not observed among other Bacteroides spp.17 However, this metabolic flexibility may be a temporary strategy, as B. ovatus has been shown to bloom after 10 days while abundances of B. cellulosilyticus drop concurrently with AXOS as substrate.25 This may partly be a consequence of reliance on arabinoxylans as substrate by B. cellulosilyticus, whereas B. ovatus and others may thrive equally well on a mixture of dietary fibers.24,25
Effect of wheat bran derived prebiotic supplementation on gastrointestinal transit, gut microbiota, and metabolic health: a randomized controlled trial in healthy adults with a slow gut transit
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Mattea Müller, Gerben D. A. Hermes, Canfora Emanuel E., Jens J. Holst, Erwin G. Zoetendal, Hauke Smidt, Freddy Troost, Frank G. Schaap, Steven Olde Damink, Johan W. E. Jocken, Kaatje Lenaerts, Ad A. M. Masclee, Ellen E. Blaak
Early postprandial GLP-1 was reduced after AXOS intervention, whilst PYY, insulin, glucose concentrations as well as ratings of hunger and satiety were unchanged. Acute AXOS studies reported inconsistent effects on GLP-1,19,59 however, arabinose derived from arabinoxylan fermentation has been proposed to be rapidly fermented in the small intestine as observed by an early postprandial increase of plasma arabinose and xylan after ingestion of wheat-bran rich pasta accompanied by a reduced rate of endogenous glucose appearance rate compared to control wheat bread.60 The authors of the latter study propose that the increased availability of arabinoxylans may have increased luminal viscosity and thereby may interfere with small intestinal glucose breakdown and absorption. Further, arabinose itself has been shown to partly inhibit sucrase and maltase activity in in vitro and in rodent models,61-63 which potentially may attenuate breakdown of glucose and thus early glucose-dependent GLP-1 stimulation as observed in our study. While AXOS intervention tended to increase postprandial fat oxidation, there was no effect of AXOS on other metabolic outcomes including energy expenditure, glucose, and insulin, or lipids or adipocyte functioning nor on gut permeability, plasma LBP, fecal calprotectin or other systemic inflammatory markers.