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Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoparticles as Potential Viral and Antiviral Agents
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Deepthi Panoth, Sindhu Thalappan Manikkoth, Fabeena Jahan, Kunnambeth Madam Thulasi, Anjali Paravannoor, Baiju Kizhakkekilikoodayil Vijayan
Antiviral nanoparticles are antiviral agents used to control or treat viral infections. The antiviral agents primarily target the different stages of a virus life cycle, and thus, the antiviral drugs perform by inhibiting the viral replication cycle at various stages. Here in this section, we will discuss the synthesis and characterization of different types of antiviral nanoparticles that are utilized as a potential antiviral agent.
Finding a Target
Published in Nathan Keighley, Miraculous Medicines and the Chemistry of Drug Design, 2020
Enzyme inhibitors have been used widely in medicine. To combat infections from microorganisms; shutting down enzymes that are crucial to the function of the bacterial cell will kill the cell or prevent proliferation. It is possible to selectively target bacterial enzymes without effecting our own due to the large biochemical differences between bacteria and ourselves. For example, some of the first antibiotics were the sulphonamides. These acted as competitive inhibitors and medicinal chemists synthesised a library of these compounds to optimise binding interactions to improve efficacy. These drugs were the antibiotics of choice prior to been superseded by penicillin, which also function as competitive enzyme inhibitors, except on a different target. In the fight against viruses, successful antiviral drugs have been developed that work against viral enzymes. Acyclovir for the treatment of herpes and saquinavir for HIV are both enzyme inhibitors. Besides battling against foreign invaders, enzyme inhibitors can be utilized to work against the body’s own enzymes and thus regulate and offer control over the cells biological operations. Anticholinesterases are an example where inhibitors of enzymes were developed for control of problems with the nervous system.
Determination of Antiviral Activity
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
The parainfluenza viruses are recognized as pathogens of the respiratory tract, especially in infants and children. The viruses (types 1, 2, 3, and 4) may cause respiratory infections ranging from inapparent to those of life-threatening intensity, especially in the lower respiratory tract [217], Types 1 and 3 have particular significance as causal agents of the croup syndrome and have been implicated in cases of rhinitis, bronchiolitis, and bronchitis [217–219]. They also may induce pneumonia and common coldlike symptoms in adults [220,221]. Type 2 parainfluenza is associated with acute croup in young children [222] and may also cause common coldlike symptoms in adults [223], Type 4 parinfluenza virus antibodies have been found widely in human populations [224], but the role of this virus in human disease has yet to be established. These viruses, then, appear also to be among those considered as targets for antiviral studies, although no clinically active antiviral drugs have yet been demonstrated.
Development and validation of a nomogram to predict recompensation in HBV-related cirrhosis with ascites as the single first decompensating event
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2023
Shifei Wen, Jiajia Ruan, Jiaming Shen, Xia Wang, Guangde Yang, Juanjuan Fu, Li Li, Xiucheng Pan
Patients hospitalized for the first decompensation of hepatitis B cirrhosis with the first decompensating event of ascites only were included in this study. We divided the enrolled patients into the training cohort (from March 2010 to March 2020) and the validation cohort (from April 2020 to April 2022) according to their admission time. Comprehensive treatments were received for all patients, such as antiviral therapy, and symptomatic, supportive therapies. All patients started antiviral therapy within 3 months before admission or immediately after admission and were treated with oral antiviral drugs daily. Antiviral drugs include entecavir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and tenofovir alafenamide fumarate tablets. This study was approved by the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Medical Ethics Committee.
Pharmacological approaches to prevent vertical transmission of HIV and HBV
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022
Emanuela Zappulo, Agnese Giaccone, Nicola Schiano Moriello, Ivan Gentile
Mother-to-child transmission still accounts for the larger proportion of HBV and HIV infections in children. Remarkable advances have been achieved in reducing this risk thanks to the implementation of pregnancy screening, the prompt initiation of adequate antiviral treatment and neonatal prophylaxis, yet additional studies are needed to assess the safety and efficacy of many antiviral drugs and strategies such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and early initiation of ARV in pregnancy must be furtherly deployed. The cornerstone of HBV vertical transmission prevention remains the administration of anti-HBV vaccine and HBIG to the infant within the first hours after delivery, as well as antiviral maternal treatment. In HIV-HBV coinfected pregnant patients, TDF-containing regimens appear to be first choice given its proven efficacy, safety and high barrier to resistance.
Immunization in pregnancy to protect pregnant people and their newborns against COVID-19
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Mahin Delara, Manish Sadarangani
vaccination administered as early as possible in pregnancy and even pre-conception. Given recent data suggesting improved immune responses and improved protection with an interval of at least 7–8 weeks between vaccine doses for mRNA vaccines [9], early immunization would also support completion of the vaccine series as early as possible. In contrast, immunization in the second trimester may be the ideal timing for best protection of the newborn and infant [10]. However, by that time half of the gestation has already passed and the pregnant individual would be unprotected in the first half of pregnancy. In this scenario, maternal infection may compromise fetal wellbeing due to direct effects of the virus and/or antiviral drugs received. Given the increased risk of severe outcomes observed in pregnancy, current data would suggest that priority should be for maximum protection of the pregnant individual – i.e. immunization as