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Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoparticles as Potential Viral and Antiviral Agents
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Deepthi Panoth, Sindhu Thalappan Manikkoth, Fabeena Jahan, Kunnambeth Madam Thulasi, Anjali Paravannoor, Baiju Kizhakkekilikoodayil Vijayan
Antiviral nanoparticles are antiviral agents used to control or treat viral infections. The antiviral agents primarily target the different stages of a virus life cycle, and thus, the antiviral drugs perform by inhibiting the viral replication cycle at various stages. Here in this section, we will discuss the synthesis and characterization of different types of antiviral nanoparticles that are utilized as a potential antiviral agent.
Pregnancy After Liver and Other Transplantation
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection represents a serious viral infection often occurring within 6–12 months post-transplant. Unfortunately, it is deleterious in early pregnancy given its causality of congenital malformation (microcephaly, cerebral palsy, sensorineural deafness) or congenital liver disease with an incidence of 10–15% of infected pregnancies. It is advisable to screen all transplant recipients with CMV IgG and IgM. If IgM positive, avidity testing should be performed (Chapter 49). The use of antiviral agents in the management of CMV infection during pregnancy remains controversial (Chapter 49) [10].
Spinal Cord Disease
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Antiviral agents: Herpesviruses: Acyclovir (and prodrug, valacyclovir): most effective against herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus.Ganciclovir and/or foscarnet: for cytomegalovirus infection.Nonherpesvirus infections: supportive care, may involve mechanical ventilation due to associated encephalitis and/or neuromuscular respiratory failure in acute flaccid paralysis.
Research progress on antiviral constituents in traditional Chinese medicines and their mechanisms of action
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Viruses are a class of highly infectious intracellular parasitic microorganisms, which seriously endanger human and animal health. Western antiviral medicines, including nucleoside analogues, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, neuraminidase inhibitors, etc., exert their antiviral functions mainly by inhibiting viral processes such as adsorption, invasion, nucleic acid synthesis, and uncoating (Shahabadi and Moshtkoob 2020; Kaczmarek et al. 2021; Taieb et al. 2021). The problems with these antiviral agents, however, are the development of drug resistance due to viral mutations, the functional inability caused by viral incubation, the evident adverse reactions, as well as the complex therapeutic regimes (Amarelle et al. 2017). TCM has been used effectively to combat epidemics infection, and saved many lives. So far, hundreds of TCM prescriptions have been developed for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and it is now credited for the successful battle against COVID-19 in China (Zheng, Baak, et al. 2020; Lee et al. 2021). TCM with their unique perspectives, emphasize the interactions with viruses and organisms, which have comprehensive effects such as inhibiting viral replication, preventing virus-induced cytopathy, and regulating immunity (Chen, Zhong, et al. 2019; Shen et al. 2019; Huang et al. 2020). With the continuous emergence of large-scale screening technologies for antiviral agents, the development of highly effective antiviral TCM has become a current hot topic in drug R&D.
Decrease in serum levels of autotaxin in COVID-19 patients
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Takuya Shimura, Makoto Kurano, Koh Okamoto, Daisuke Jubishi, Hideki Hashimoto, Kuniyuki Kano, Koji Igarashi, Satoshi Shimamoto, Junken Aoki, Kyoji Moriya, Yutaka Yatomi
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), caused a worldwide pandemic in early 2020 with morbidity and mortality throughout the world. It is an important task to develop novel drugs to overcome this pandemic, as well as to protect the population by vaccination to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Although antiviral agents have been expected, one of the important goals of treatment is to control the biological response to the infection. One of the characteristics of COVID-19 is that the disease has diverse phenotypes, and the inadequate immunological overreaction, namely, cytokine storm, and organ injuries arising thereof have been deemed to play critical pathophysiological roles in patients with severe COVID-19 [1,2]. In regard to drugs that can modulate immune responses, monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 [3] and cytokines [4] have been shown to be promising, in addition to steroids [5].
Clinical outcomes, virological efficacy and safety of nitazoxanide in the treatment of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Tzu-Chieh Weng, Teng-Song Weng, Chih-Cheng Lai, Chien-Ming Chao, Jui-Hsiang Wang
Two investigators (CCM and CCL) independently screened the titles and abstracts of the records collected using the aforementioned search strategies to identify and assess potentially eligible studies. Disagreements were resolved by a third investigator (TSW). Full-text copies of potentially relevant articles were obtained and reviewed for eligibility. Only RCTs that compared nitazoxanide with placebo or standard care for patients with COVID-19 were included. No limitations were imposed regarding language, age, sex, race, or ethnicity or concentration, dose, or duration of treatment. Studies were included if they met the following criteria: (i) included patients with COVID-19, (ii) used nitazoxanide as an intervention, (iii) used a placebo or standard care as a comparator, (iv) study design was an RCT, and (v) reported clinical efficacy and safety as a study outcome. The following were excluded: (i) conference posters, case reports, case series, and observational studies; (ii) single-arm studies; (iii) the data about the outcomes of interest were not available; (iv) studies used nitazoxanide in combination with other antiviral agents as the intervention; (v) studies used other antiviral agents as comparators; (vi) pharmacokinetic studies; and (vii) nonhuman or animal studies.