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Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) and Gymnema sylvestre (Gurmar)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Jasbir Kaur, Sana Nafees, Mohd Anwar, Jamal Akhtar, Nighat Anjum
Antihyperlipidemic activity: Higher mortality rates have been seen in coronary heart diseases (CHD) than any other cause (Hardman et al., 2001). The major risk factor in atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease is hyperlipidemia (Kaushik et al., 2011). Lowering of serum cholesterol can be a better choice in reducing the risk of CHD (Hardman et al., 2001). Herbal medicines have good prospects in treating cardiovascular ailments (Yoshikawa et al., 1997). Rach et al. (2010) investigated the antihyperlipidemic activity of gimnema hydrochloride leaf extract in female rats. Results showed a decrease in serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins and very low-density lipoproteins, and higher level of high-density lipoprotein, an effect that is comparable to the standard drug atorvastatin. Another study demonstrated the anti-obese effect of hexane extract of G. sylvestre leaves. Results showed significant decrease in body weight and improvement in HDL levels after 45 days of drug administration. This effect is similar to that of atorvastatin (Shivaprasad et al., 2006). This research demonstrates that the plant leaf of G. sylvestre has significant action in reducing blood cholesterol levels and can provide herbal remedy for obesity.
Implication of Mitochondrial Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone) in Alzheimer’s Disease *
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Sayantan Maitra, Dibyendu Dutta
The adverse effects of two classes of drugs, viz., anthracyclines and statins, are well documented by both preclinical and clinical studies. Although anthracyclines (doxorubicin, daunorubicin) are the excellent chemotherapeutic drugs, they also induce cardiotoxicity. These groups of drugs cause an irreversible damage to myocardial mitochondria and can be prevented by a concurrent administration of CoQ10 during cancer chemotherapy [75]. Antihyperlipidemic drugs known as statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) such as lovastatin and pravastatin inhibit the cholesterol synthesis. These drugs also impair the endogenous synthesis of CoQ10 resulting in its depletion. These drugs lead to myopathy in some cases, and life-threatening rhabdomyolysis in extreme cases, and these adverse effects can be prevented by CoQ10 supplementation [76,77]. Beta-blockers such as propranolol and metoprolol have shown to decrease the endogenous serum CoQ10 level by inhibiting CoQ10-dependent enzymes [78]. Because of its structural resemblance to vitamin K, it has been suggested that CoQ10 may counteract the anticoagulant activity of warfarin [79,80].
Ethanolic Extracts of Dysphania ambrosioides Alleviates Scopolamine-Induced Amnesia in Experimental Animals
Published in Atanu Bhattacharjee, Akula Ramakrishna, Magisetty Obulesu, Phytomedicine and Alzheimer’s Disease, 2020
Rajashri Bezbaruah, Chandana C. Barua, Lipika Buragohain, Pobitra Borah, Iswar Chandra Barua, Ghanshyam Panigrahi
AChE inhibitors, such as donepezil, rivastigmine or galantamine, are prescribed for the treatment of AD patients. Memantine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocker, is also prescribed in more severe cases (Kim et al., 2016). Antihyperlipidemic drugs, like statins, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant drugs, are also used to prevent neurotoxicity or the formation of senile plaques (Kamila et al., 2015). However, these drugs may only delay disease progression, and are often associated with many severe side effects, like somnolence, diarrhea, headache, vomiting, and loss of appetite. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find more effective and safer agents for the treatment of AD. Herbal remedies from medicinal plants are presumed to be less toxic and to exhibit fewer side effects than the synthetic drugs. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Ocimum sanctum, Ginkgo biloba, Santalum album, Bacopa monnieri, Convolvulus pluricaulis, Huperzia serrata and Avena sativa are well-known natural cognitive enhancers used in the treatment of AD (Kim et al., 2016). Terminalia arjuna and Abelmoschus esculentus act as nootropic agents by reducing the concentrations of free radicals (Tongjaroenbuangam et al., 2011).
Association between vascular risk factors and cognitive impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a case-control study
Published in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, 2023
Tianmi Yang, Qianqian Wei, Chunyu Li, Bei Cao, Ruwei Ou, Yanbing Hou, Lingyu Zhang, Yongping Chen, Huifang Shang
Combinations of vascular risk factors were ascertained based on patients’ medical history, current treatment, and laboratory tests. Hypertension was defined as a history of hypertension, systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥140 mmHg, or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg. T2DM was defined as a history of T2DM or serum hemoglobin A1c ≥6.5%. Hyperlipidemia was defined as a history of hyperlipidemia or serum total cholesterol ≥6.2 mmol/L. The administration of antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and antihyperlipidemic drugs was reviewed. BMI was calculated (BMI = weight/height2, in kg/m2) and overweight was defined as BMI > 25 kg/m2. Smoking is a well-known vascular risk factor, both past and present smoking were labeled with smoking. Cardiovascular disease included coronary heart disease and stroke.
Comparison of Framingham risk score and atherogenic indices as a predictor of atherosclerosis in patients with myocardial bridge in left anterior descending artery
Published in Acta Cardiologica, 2022
Nurullah Çetin, Bülent Özlek, İbrahim Halil Özdemir, Bekir Serhat Yıldız, Veysel Yavuz, Hakan Tıkız
MB plays a role in the development of atherosclerosis by causing some hemodynamic changes in the proximal coronary artery segment. In addition, some clinical factors are predictors for the development of atherosclerosis. In their autopsy study, Akishima-Fukasawa et al. found that among the classical risk factors, only male gender and smoking were associated with the development of atherosclerosis in those with MB in LAD [6]. In a study with CTA, age and DM were found to be independently associated with MB with proximal stenosis. In our study population, hyperlipidaemia was significantly higher in the group with atherosclerosis than the group without atherosclerosis, but there was no significant difference between the fasting plasma lipid profile of the patients. The fact that patients were receiving antihyperlipidemic therapy may have led to this situation. If we evaluate the atherogenic indices, almost all of them were higher in the atherosclerotic group, while only the ratio of LDL-c/HDL-c was statistically significantly higher than the group without atherosclerosis. The LDL-c/HDL-c ratio has been shown to be superior to single HDL-c and LDL-c in assessing the risk of early-stage atherosclerosis [26]. Kimura et al. demonstrated in their IVUS study that the LDL-c/HDL-c ratio is a highly specific and sensitive predictor of lipid-rich abnormal plaque in patients with chronic CAD [27]. Meta-analysis of data from 4 clinical trials using conventional IVUS demonstrated that an LDL-c/HDL-c ratio > 2.0 was associated with progression in plaque volume [28].
Hypolipidemic Effect of Chrysophyllum albidum Peel Extract and Its Underlying Antioxidant Mechanisms in Normal and Triton-X-100-Induced Hyperlipidemic Rats
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2020
Abayomi M. Ajayi, Olubunmi O. Diya, Aduragbenro Deborah A. Adedapo
Triton X-100 as a surfactant has been previously used to induce hyperlipidemia in rats (Schurr et al. 1972). The model is considered simple and reliable and can be used for rapid screening of antihyperlipidemic effects of natural or synthetic hypolipidemic drugs (Kaur and Meena 2013; Adigun et al. 2016). Triton X-100 administered intraperitoneally results in elevation of blood cholesterol and triglycerides in prefasted rats (Schurr et al. 1972; Thanga et al. 2013). The surfactant potently suppresses the action of lipases and as a consequence blocks the uptake of circulating lipids by extrahepatic tissues, thereby leading to accumulation of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in the blood (Friedman and Byers 1953). We have earlier used this model in evaluating the lipid-lowering activity of extract of Anacardium occidentale bark (Anyaegbu et al. 2017). In the present study, triton-X-100-induced hyperlipidemic rats showed elevated serum levels of total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C when compared to controls. Furthermore, a decrease in serum HDL-C levels was observed in the triton-X-100-induced hyperlipidemic rats. This is consistent with previous findings after the induction of hyperlipidemia by triton X-100 at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight (Soni and Verma 2013; Rajani et al. 2014).