China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Hypertension
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Matthew Petersen, Steven Brady, Eileen M. Handberg, Monica Aggarwal
Flavonoids are a group of antioxidants found in various fruits, vegetables, wine, and teas. The antioxidant effects of this group of molecules have been associated with anti-inflammation and improved endothelial function. In rat studies, supplemental epicatechin, a type of flavonoid, was shown to reduce BP by NO-induced vasodilation (Galleano et al., 2013). There is limited human data, however. These molecules can be found in an abundance of healthy dietary sources, and it is recommended to obtain these potentially beneficial molecules through a well-rounded diet rich in fruits and vegetables. Increased consumption of healthy dietary sources of flavonoids can be beneficial for endothelial function.
Endotoxic Shock and the Sphingomyelin Pathway
Published in Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison, Endotoxin in Health and Disease, 2020
Cecil K. Joseph, Richard N. Kolesnick
The complex sequence of events that result in septic shock begins when local host defenses respond to microbial infection. In instances of overwhelming infection, a severe pro-inflammatory reaction ensues, resulting in the secretion of cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-l, and IL-6] to combat infection, destroy damaged tissue, and promote wound repair (5). To control this inflammation and restore homeostasis, an anti-inflammation response is mounted with the release of anti-inflammatory agents such as IL-4, IL-10, IL-11, IL-13, soluble TNF receptors, IL-1 receptor antagonists, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-(β (6). Failure to restore homeostasis results in shock, multiple organ failure, and death.
A multidisciplinary problem
Published in Olaf Dammann, Etiological Explanations, 2020
Decades of successful epidemiological contributions to public health support these notions. Contributions come in the form of etiological stories, like the one on sitting as the new smoking. For example, regular exercise is associated with a reduced risk for a whole host of chronic diseases including heart disease, cancer, depression, and others. Many of these diseases are also associated with obesity and inflammation. An active lifestyle leads to both reduction in body fat and a less vigorous inflammatory response. Thus, both fat reduction and anti-inflammation are candidate mechanisms7 for how exercise reduces the risk for those chronic diseases. The preventive intervention (exercise) is widely promoted with known success, although the mechanisms are still under investigation (Gleeson et al. 2011).
Development of novel salicylic acid–donepezil–rivastigmine hybrids as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Yi Zhou, Ying He, Xue Teng, Jing Mi, Jing Yang, Rongrui Wei, Wenmin Liu, Qinge Ma, Zhenghuai Tan, Zhipei Sang
The amyloid hypothesis states that the production and accumulation of Aβ is the key pathogenesis leading to AD9. Aβ oligomeric aggregates show remarkable neurotoxicity. Moreover, Aβ is able to enter mitochondria where it increases ROS production and induces oxidative stress, and further damages biological macromolecules such as lipids, DNA, and proteins. Furthermore, neuroinflammation is also a major pathogenesis in AD patients and is associated with astrocytes, microglia, and inflammatory factors10. Investigations have shown that ADf patients have significantly increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines (such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) in serum and brain, which further increase Aβ deposition and lead to cognitive dysfunction and neuron loss11,12. Hence, anti-inflammation is an effective treatment for AD.
Aspirin relieves the calcification of aortic smooth muscle cells by enhancing the heat shock response
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Quanquan Shen, Qian Chen, Yang Liu, Xiang Xue, Xiaogang Shen, Qiang He, Guokun Wang, Fei Han
Aspirin was first used as one of several conventional therapies for anti-inflammation, as the mechanism of aspirin mainly mediated by acetylating COX enzymes, thereby inhibiting the production of prostaglandin, prostacyclin and thromboxane (Patrono and Rocca 2012). Its effects on a variety of diseases such as atherothrombosis, cancer, pre-eclampsia and mental disease were found subsequently (Hybiak et al. 2020), and in this process its multiple downstream channels had been further explored, not just limited to Cox system. High dosages of aspirin can activate monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway in cells, thereby reducing plasma lipid and increasing utilization of fat, offering great potential in nutritional and metabolic disorders (Hawley et al. 2012; Guigas and Viollet 2016). In addition, aspirin can bind with PPARα to induce the expression of transcription factor EB and increase intracellular lysosome biogenesis and autophagy, which was helpful for plaque clearance (Chandra et al. 2019).
4-O-galloylalbiflorin inhibits the activity of CYP3A, 2C9, and 2D in human liver microsomes
Published in Xenobiotica, 2021
Yu Sun, Mengya He, Yanling Sun, Jianhong Wei
Paeonia lactiflora Pall., a major traditional Chinese medicine, has been demonstrated to possess various anti-inflammation, analgesic, antispasmodic, and sedative activity (Zhou et al.2019). In Chinese medicine, P. lactiflora Pall is always used in women’s hormone-related problems, such as menstrual problems and menopausal symptoms (Choi et al.2016, Park et al.2021). Among numerous extractions from P. lactiflora Pall, 4-O-galloylalbiflorin (Figure 1) has been demonstrated to serve as the hormone modulators that regulates the activity of P. lactiflora Pall (Ren et al.2009, Washida et al.2009). In the prescription of gynaecology, 4-O-galloylalbiflorin is usually combined with other herbs, or the traditional Chinese medicine treatment is always combined with other drugs administration. The effect of 4-O-galloylalbiflorin on the activity of corresponding enzymes involved in drug biotransformation is of great importance to disclose, which can imply the potential interaction of P. lactiflora Pall with CYP450s to some degree.