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Experimental Nasal Cavity Tumors Induced by Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines (TSNA)*
Published in D. V. M. Gerd Reznik, Sherman F. Stinson, Nasal Tumors in Animals and Man, 2017
A. Rivenson, K. Furuya, S. S. Hecht, D. Hoffmann
The structures of some tobacco alkaloids and the nitrosamines derived from them (TSNA) are illustrated in Figure 1. The major alkaloid in most tobacco varieties is nicotine. Minor alkaloids include nornicotine, anabasine, and anatabine. The possible presence in tobacco smoke of alkaloid-derived nitrosamines was suggested by Boyland and co-workers3,4 who carried out the first bioassays of N′-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and N′-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) as described below.4 However, the presence of NNN in tobacco smoke was first reported in 1974.5 Surprisingly high levels of NNN were also detected in unburned tobacco.6,7 Studies on the origin of NNN in tobacco and tobacco smoke indicated that the tertiary amine nicotine was a more important precursor than the secondary amine nornicotine, in contrast to expectations based solely on chemical reactivity.5,7,8 This led to the hypothesis that nitrosamines other than NNN could be derived from nicotine.10
Osteoarthritis
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
For long, the consumption of nightshades has been linked to occurrence of arthritic symptoms in patient-based anecdotes. Some common fruits and vegetables belong to the biological family of nightshades: tomatoes, potatoes, eggplant (aubergine), and peppers. Consumption of these foods in various forms is included within these anecdotes. Characteristically, nightshades contain plant alkaloids such as nicotine, solanine, and anatabine. Published studies directly evaluating the role of these chemicals have not found a relationship with increased arthritic inflammatory markers. In fact, a survey study on the use of anatabine as a dietary supplement found that most users reported improvement in musculoskeletal aches, pains, and stiffness (Lanier et al., 2013). Similar studies linking nicotine or solanine with musculoskeletal symptoms have not been reported as of yet. As with all foods, the nightshade alkaloids do not exist alone. For example, nightshades also characteristically contain lectins, a class of chemicals linked to molecular mimicry and T-cell activation. However, it is the alkaloids in nightshades which have been linked to arthritis and led to the cautionary advice of limiting nightshade consumption. However, nightshades, especially tomatoes and pigmented potatoes, may contain anti-inflammatory chemicals, such as lycopene or carotenoids that can be protective for OA (Kaspar et al., 2010).
Emerging topical drugs for the treatment of rosacea
Published in Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 2021
Federica Dall’Oglio, Maria Rita Nasca, Giuseppe Micali
Several other topical drugs have been studied with no further development. Their therapeutic potential is still unclear and open to future investigations. They include ACU-D1, anatabine, ε-aminocaproic acid, DRM02, cromolyn sodium, and omiganan. ACU-D1, a proteasome inhibitor, is able to suppress NF-κB activation resulting in the inhibition of inflammation and angiogenesis in rosacea [97]. Anatabine is an alkaloid from the plant family Solanaceae that modulates the inflammatory response through interference with the activation and translocation of transcription factors, including NF-κB and STAT-3 [98]. ε-Aminocaproic acid is an inhibitor of a trypsin-like serine protease (TLSP) that may reduce the release of pro-inflammatory and angiogenic LL-37 [99]. DRM02 is a novel pyrazolyl benzothiazole derivative with anti-inflammatory in vitro activity related to selective inhibition of Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) isoforms A, B, and D [100]. Cromolyn sodium is a mast cell stabilizer able to decrease MMPs activity in ETR [3,101]. Omiganan pentahydrochloride (code name: CLS001) is a synthetic indolicidin cationic peptide with antimicrobial properties analog of the human Antimicrobial Peptide (AMP) LL-37, which has been found to be effective also against biofilm and that may supposedly act in inflammatory skin disorders, including rosacea, by improving cutaneous dysbiosis [102].
Comparison of the content of tobacco alkaloids and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in ‘heat-not-burn’ tobacco products before and after aerosol generation
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2018
Won Tae Jeong, Hyun Ki Cho, Hyung Ryeol Lee, Ki Hoon Song, Heung Bin Lim
Table 1 shows the content of TAs measured in two types of conventional cigarettes and three types of HTP cigarettes (manufacturing goods I, II and III). Nicotine, nornicotine, anatabine, and anabasine were detected in both the conventional and the HTP cigarettes, but cotinine was detected only in the conventional cigarettes while myosmine was not detected in the CM7 cigarettes only. The four most abundant alkaloids in all of the samples were nicotine, followed by anatabine, nornicotine, and anabasine. When comparing the contents calculated by weight of each alkaloid of conventional versus HTP cigarettes, the content of myosmine in the HTP cigarettes was much higher than in 3R4F cigarettes. Moreover, for the HTP cigarettes, the contents of nicotine, nornicotine, anatabine, and anabasine were lowest in MG III, and contained 58%, 68%, 35%, and 68% less, respectively than 3R4F cigarettes. Even though the contents of the four alkaloids in MG I and II versus conventional cigarettes did not differ significantly, the amount that can be inhaled is presumably small since the weight per cigarette is low.