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Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
To minimize tobacco pagination, I refer readers to References 1, 3, and 33, etc., for too many details on the chemistry of tobacco, the killer. Lung cancer is expected to kill 117,000 Americans in 1983, 7000 more than in 1982. On a more positive note, a recent OTA panel218 evaluated the potential of tobacco as a source of leaf protein. Speaking for tobacco, S. G. Wildman’s associates calculated that with 150 tons plant per hectare, they could get 13.2 MT white fibers for cigarette tobacco worth $8750, 4.5 MT decolorized insoluble protein, and starch equivalent to soybean meal worth $725, 600 kg Fraction 1 Protein equivalent to egg white worth $2400, 300 kg Fraction 2 Protein equivalent to soy protein worth $300, and 15 kg carotenoids for poultry worth $3750. Not necessarily speaking against tobacco, Telek told the same 1982 OTA218 audience that, with suitable plant material, the yield/ha/ yr of leaf proteins can be at least four times higher than that of seed proteins. Kung and Tso219 reported that Fraction 1 Protein contained in the amino acids circa 9% aspartic acid, 5.2% threonine, 3.1% serine, 11.5% glutamic acid, 5.1% proline, 10.3% glycine, 9.4% alanine, 8% valine, 1.2% methionine, 4.5% isoleucine, 8.9% leucine, 4.4% tyrosine, 4.1% phenylalanine, 6% lysine, 2.8% histidine, and 6.5% arginine. Leaves contain 0.6 to 0.9% alkaloids, including nicotine, nornicotine, anabasine, and anataline; roots also contain most of these alkaloids. Leaves also contain the aromatic nicotianin (tobacco camphor). Dry seeds contain 22.4% protein and 45.4% fat.21
Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants, 2017
“Aztec TobaccoANABASINE LF CRCNICOTINE LF CRCNORNICOTINE LF CRC
Experimental Nasal Cavity Tumors Induced by Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines (TSNA)*
Published in D. V. M. Gerd Reznik, Sherman F. Stinson, Nasal Tumors in Animals and Man, 2017
A. Rivenson, K. Furuya, S. S. Hecht, D. Hoffmann
The structures of some tobacco alkaloids and the nitrosamines derived from them (TSNA) are illustrated in Figure 1. The major alkaloid in most tobacco varieties is nicotine. Minor alkaloids include nornicotine, anabasine, and anatabine. The possible presence in tobacco smoke of alkaloid-derived nitrosamines was suggested by Boyland and co-workers3,4 who carried out the first bioassays of N′-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and N′-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) as described below.4 However, the presence of NNN in tobacco smoke was first reported in 1974.5 Surprisingly high levels of NNN were also detected in unburned tobacco.6,7 Studies on the origin of NNN in tobacco and tobacco smoke indicated that the tertiary amine nicotine was a more important precursor than the secondary amine nornicotine, in contrast to expectations based solely on chemical reactivity.5,7,8 This led to the hypothesis that nitrosamines other than NNN could be derived from nicotine.10
Employing in vitro metabolism to guide design of F-labelled PET probes of novel α-synuclein binding bifunctional compounds
Published in Xenobiotica, 2021
Chukwunonso K. Nwabufo, Omozojie P. Aigbogun, Kevin J.H Allen, Madeline N. Owens, Jeremy S. Lee, Christopher P. Phenix, Ed S. Krol
The product ion at m/z 392.25 is associated with the loss of pyridine (C5H5N, 79 Da) in agreement with previously reported MS/MS analysis of nicotine (Medana et al. 2016) while the product ion at m/z 372.25 is associated with the loss of hydrogen fluoride (-HF, 20 Da) and pyridine (C5H5N, 79 Da). The product ion at m/z 372.25 further dissociates into three product ions: m/z 303.23 and m/z 301.17 associated with the loss of dihydropyrrole (C4H7N, 69 Da) and further loss of H2 (2 Da) respectively; and the neutral loss of 7-(2, 3-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl) heptanenitrile (C11H18N2, 178 Da) gives rise to the ion at m/z 194.11 (Figure S6(B)). The product ion at m/z 332.22 is associated with the loss of hydrogen fluoride (-HF, 20 Da) and 3-(1-prop-1-en-1-yl) pyridine (C8H9N, 119 Da), while the product ion at m/z 263.14 appears to result from the loss of hydrogen fluoride (-HF, 20 Da), methyl isocyanate (O = C=NCH3, 57 Da) and 3-(cyclobut-2-en-1-yl) pyridine (C9H9N, 131 Da) and this product ion undergoes further loss of 7-aminoheptanenitrile (C7H14N2, 126) to give the ion at m/z 137.19. The product ion at m/z 323.22 is consistent with loss of nornicotine (C9H12N2, 148 Da).
Concentrations of urine cotinine and hydroxycotinine among US children, adolescents, and adults: data from NHANES 2013–2014
Published in Biomarkers, 2019
Data on nicotine and its metabolites and analogues in urine along with relevant demographic data were downloaded for NHANES 2013–2014. Data for all those aged 6 years and older were available for total cotinine, total hydroxycotinine, anabasine, anatbine, cotinine-n-oxide, nicotine, nornicotine, nicotine-1 n-oxide and three total nicotine equivalents (NE), namely, NE-2 (total cotinine + total trans-3′-hydroxycotinine), NE-3 (total nicotine + total cotinine + total trans-3′-hydroxycotinine) and NE-6 (NE3 + total S-cotinine n-oxide + (1′S,2′S)-nicotine 1′-oxide + (R,S)-nornicotine). While data on total cotinine, total hydroxycotinine, and NE-2 were available for all participants, data for anabasine, anatbine, cotinine-n-oxide, nicotine, nornicotine, nicotine-1 n-oxide and NE-3 and NE-6 were available for only those who had cotinine concentrations ≥20 ng mL−1. Because the data for anabasine, anatbine, cotinine-n-oxide, nicotine, nornicotine, nicotine-1 n-oxide, and NE-3 and NE-6 were not available for all participants, they were not considered for analysis in this study. Thus, this study was limited to analysing data for total cotinine and total hydroxycotinine. Because, NE-2 was merely a sum of cotinine and hydroxycotinine, analysing NE-2 was considered to be duplicative but may be considered for analysis in future studies. Percent observations > = the limit of detection for total cotinine and total hydroxycotinine were 97.7% and 97.9% respectively. Total number of samples available for analyses was 3135. Sample size details are given in Table 1.
Comparison of the content of tobacco alkaloids and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in ‘heat-not-burn’ tobacco products before and after aerosol generation
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2018
Won Tae Jeong, Hyun Ki Cho, Hyung Ryeol Lee, Ki Hoon Song, Heung Bin Lim
TSNAs in tobacco leaves are generally produced by nitrosation of TAs and the curing process, and they may exhibit differences in terms of the content depending on the tobacco variety and cultivation environment (e.g., the nitrate concentration) (Fisher et al., 2012). Recently, the selection of tobacco cultivars with low nornicotine and nicotine contents, which are precursors of NNN and NNK in tobacco leaves, and a change in the curing process have resulted in a lowering of the level of TSNAs (Hecht & Hoffmann, 1988; Appleton et al., 2013). Like nicotine, they can also be released by heat during smoking (Jaccard et al., 2018). Unlike our expectations, NNK and NAB were significantly increased after aerosol generation, but NNN and NAT showed no significant pattern or dependence on smoking conditions. Although estimation of the inhaled amount according to the content of these components was unclear, the understanding of the reduction and increase of TSNAs after aerosol generation has been obtained, in part, from various literature, including those published by tobacco companies.