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Effect of Elevated CO2 Conditions on Medicinal Plants
Published in Azamal Husen, Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Plants, 2022
Anuj Choudhary, Antul Kumar, Harmanjot Kaur, Mandeep Singh, Gurparsad Singh Suri, Gurleen Kaur, Sahil Mehta
This abrupt rise in carbon dioxide stimulates photosynthetic carbon assimilation rates of about 31 per cent across 40 plant species (Dusenge et al. 2019). In Lolium perenne elevated CO2 results in an increased tiller number, root and shoot dry weight, and total plant biomass. It also affects physiological processes such as enhanced photosynthetic activity and reduced stomatal resistance (Jia et al. 2018). In the family Asteraceae, elevated carbon dioxide enhanced photosynthetic rate and leaf area, and reduced water-use efficiency in Aster tripolium (Geissler et al. 2009) (Table 5.1). Elevated carbon dioxide also promotes root elongation and root branching in Pteridium revolutum (Zheng, J. et al. 2008), and enhances plant shoot biomass in Trigonella foenum-graecum and Ocimum basilicum (Jain et al. 2007; Tursun et al. 2020). Under higher CO2 levels, due to increment in carbon supply, more root exudates are accumulated inside plants (Zheng, Y. et al. 2008). According to various reports, carbon accumulation is more in roots than leaves and stem parts (Singh et al. 2018). Studies conducted by Zhu et al. (2002) showed that under elevated conditions there are more relative growth rates and net assimilation rates in Ananas comosus, a plant used in analgesic medicines. Kalanchoe blossfeldiana is an active immunosuppressive plant that responded positively to more leaves and nodes production under a CO2-rich environment (Cho et al. 2020) (Figure 5.4).
Value-Added Products and Bioactive Compounds from Fruit Wastes
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Arijit Nath, Rasul Hafiz Ansar Suleria, Plant-Based Functional Foods and Phytochemicals, 2021
Ranjay Kumar Thakur, Rahel Suchintita Das, Prashant K. Biswas, Mukesh Singh
Pineapple by-products include residual pulp, peels, stems, and leaves. Processing of pineapple (Ananas comosus) generates peels, core, pulps, top, and final-product amounting to 14%, 9%, 15%, 15%, 48%, respectively [40]. Peel is the major biowaste generated during pineapple processing [74].
Fruits, Vegetables and Tubers
Published in Bill Pritchard, Rodomiro Ortiz, Meera Shekar, Routledge Handbook of Food and Nutrition Security, 2016
Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is the only important food crop amongst the 57 genera and more than 3,000 species in the family Bromiliaceae. With about 40 per cent of world production coming from 33 LIFDCs, pineapple is an extremely important fruit for the developing world. Similarly, papaya and babaco (Carica papaya and C. pentagonia) are very much crops of low-income countries with India and 20 other LIFDCs producing more than 60 per cent of the world crop.
A comprehensive overview on the anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and ferroptosis functions of bromelain: an emerging cysteine protease
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2022
Prajitha K Rajan, Nageswara Rao Dunna, Sivaramakrishnan Venkatabalasubramanian
BRL [Figure 1] is an endopeptidase mixture of proteolytic enzymes existing in the Ananas comosus (pineapple) plant. The assortment of proteolytic enzymes present in BRL includes thiol endopeptidases, glucosidase, phosphatase, cellulose, peroxidase and other protease inhibitors [4]. It is omnipresent in the diverse parts (skin peel, leaves, fruit, and stem) of the pineapple plant. The proteolytic enzymic component isolated from the stem represents the stem BRL, and the counterpart isolated from fruit represents the fruit BRL. Both stem BRL and fruit BRL have commercial value in food, health, and cosmetic applications. The amino acid sequence and domain analysis of the fruit and stem BRL suggests several differences and similarities exist at the amino acid sequence levels, proteolytic activity, and structural conformation. The proteolytic activity of stem BRL is marginally better than fruit BRL. Fruit BRL occurs to be white powder and is easily soluble in water. The stem BRL (EC: 3.4.22.32) has a molecular mass of about 23,800 Da, with 212 amino acids with an isoelectric point of 9.5. Fruit BRL (EC: 3.4.22.33) has a molecular mass of about 23,000 Da with 351 amino acids with an isoelectric point equal to 4.6. The stem BRL is stable at temperatures ranging from 50°C – 60°C, whereas fruit BRL is highly functional at a more extensive temperature range from 37–70 °C [5,6].
Bromelain plus peroxidase reduces non-Hodgkin lymphoma progression in invivo via up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes and modulating apoptotic protein expression
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2020
Rahul Debnath, Debabrata Majumder, Priyatosh Nath, Durgadas Ghosh, Debasish Maiti
Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. is a widely distributed tropical fruit in all over the world from the Bromeliaceae family. This pineapple contains a proteolytic enzyme called bromelain. The bromelain contains complex combination of different types of proteases and nonproteases (6). For decades, pineapple is traditionally used for cure of different types of diseases by various tribes. It is reported that bromelain has antiplatelet and antifibrinolytic activity (7, 8). Reports are also available that p53, NF-kβ, and Bax upregulates in murine skin papilloma cells via bromelain treatment (9). Bromelain down regulates cox 2 expression in mouse papilloma’s and also in skin tumor model (10). Expression of CD44 in leukemia and melanoma cells are altered upon bromelain treatment in vitro (11). It also decreases skin cancer in mouse induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (12). Bromelain stimulates macrophage and NK cells via upregulating TNF-α (13). In case of B16F10 skin cancer cells, bromelain conquer growth and metastasis of the cells in the lung (14).
Facile green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Mangifera indica seed aqueous extract and its antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic potential (3-in-1 system)
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2021
The cytotoxic effect of green synthesised AgNPs was evaluated by MTT assay against HeLa, MCF-7 and fibroblast normal cell lines exposed to different concentrations (2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 400 µg/ml) of AgNPs (Figure 9). AgNPs showed dose dependent cytotoxicity effect on all the three cell lines; all the three cell lines showed strong negative correlation between % cell viability and concentration of AgNPs; as concentration of AgNPs increased, the % cell viability decreased. AgNPs showed best correlation with breast cancer cell line (r = 0.921**, p < .01) while correlation with HeLa was r = 0.912**, p < .01 and with fibroblast normal cell line, it was r = 0.829**, p < .01(Figure 9). The synthesised AgNPs showed decreased % cell viability against fibroblast normal cells which indicates that the AgNPs show less cytotoxic effect to normal cells. AgNPs synthesised using Aloin extracted from Aloe barbadensis was evaluated for its cytotoxic potential against MCF-7 cell line which showed an IC50 value of 22 μg/ml [49] while Das et al. [50] reported cytotoxic effect of Ananas comosus mediated synthesised AgNPs against HepG2 cell lines. Mahmoudi et al. [51] reported cytotoxic effect of AgNPs synthesised using Lavandula stoechas extract on RAW264 cell line at 62.5 μg/ml as an effective concentration. In fact, green synthesised AgNPs show promising cytotoxic effect against an array of cell lines like Jurkat, MCF, AGS, Hep3B, MG-63, HT29, U87, A549, HeLa, HeK293, SNO, MKN-28, etc. [52,53]. AgNPs cause damage to macromolecules like lipids, proteins and DNA which finally lead to cell death. AgNPs induce cytotoxic effect due to the physicochemical interaction between AgNPs and cancerous cells, which results in the generation of ROS activate Caspase 3, induced DNA fragmentation and membrane leakage which damage DNA leading to cell death. AgNPs may interact with DNA replication or Ag+ may act as oxidative entities by capturing electrons which leads to decrease in cellular ATP content, increase ROS production which ultimately leads to cell death [54,55]. However, cytotoxic effect of AgNPs depend on concentration, dose, time and size of AgNPs.