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Psychotropic Use during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Amobarbital, a barbiturate, is an effective sedative usually administered orally. The frequency of major and minor congenital anomalies was not increased among 298 infants born to women treated with amobarbital exposure during the first trimester (Heinonen et al., 1977). Amobarbital use during the first trimester was possibly associated with cardiovascular defects (seven cases), inguinal hernia (nine cases), clubfoot (four cases), genitourinary anomalies (three cases), and polydactyly in Black infants (two cases). In a survey including over 1,300 women exposed to multiple agents, of whom 175 infants were exposed to amobarbital during the first trimester, the frequency of congenital anomalies was increased (Nelson and Forfar, 1971). Authorities in the field generally believe that this drug is not likely to be a teratogen and that the significant associations may be due to chance and conducting multiple statistical comparisons (Friedman and Polifka, 2006).
Detection And Identification of Drugs of Dependence
Published in S.J. Mulé, Henry Brill, Chemical and Biological Aspects of Drug Dependence, 2019
Swagzdis and Flanagan133 developed a method for the fluorometric determination of amobarbital in plasma following extraction of the drug from plasma with butylether. The ether layçr was reex trac ted with 1 N NaOH. Fluorescence was determined with excitation at 265 nm and emission at 410 nm. The concentration was proportional to fluorescence in the range of 0.3 to 3.0 μg/ml. In patients that received 65 mg of amobarbital, average plasma levels ranged from 1.0 to 1.3 μg/ml over a 3 to 7 hour time interval.
Experimental Studies of Amphetamine Self-Administration by Animals *
Published in John Caldwell, S. Joseph Mulé, Amphetamines and Related Stimulants: Chemical, Biological, Clinical, and Sociological Aspects, 2019
Similar findings have also been reported with other classes of drugs. Winger et al.18 reported the effects of varying the injection dose on i.v. barbiturate self-administration by monkeys. They found less than a 2-fold increase in the total intake of amobarbital, methohexital, pentobarbital, and thiopental over an 8- to 16-fold injection-dose range. With i.v. self-administration of opiates, however, conflicting data have been reported, with some investigators reporting linear relationships19 and others reporting curvilinear relationships20, 21 between injection dose and total drug intake. Across-drug comparisons in self-administration studies are discussed in greater detail in Pickens et al.1
The neurochemistry of hypnotic suggestion
Published in American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 2021
David J. Acunzo, David A. Oakley, Devin B. Terhune
Multiple reports imply that elevated GABA produces increased suggestibility. However, these data come from studies that lacked placebo-controlled trials and robust measures of suggestibility and thus should be considered preliminary. Early research suggested that amobarbital, a GABAA receptor agonist, increases suggestibility (Eysenck & Rees, 1945). Recent research has highlighted how the abuse of benzodiazepines, which include a large number of sedative GABAA agonists, produces automatism amnesia where individuals will perform seemingly automatic behaviors and display elevated suggestibility often followed by anterograde amnesia (Goullé & Anger, 2004; Marc et al., 2000). Benzodiazepines have also been cited as increasing suggestibility in the context of narcotherapy in functional neurological disorder (Rosebush & Mazurek, 2011). Gamma hydroxybutyric acid, a GABAB agonist used in the treatment of narcolepsy and as an anesthetic agent, has similarly been reported to increase suggestibility (e.g., Bismuth, Dally, & Borron, 1997). These encouraging, albeit preliminary, results point to a clear need to more rigorously assess the impact of GABA agonism on suggestibility, including an assessment of mediating factors to distinguish between competing interpretations of these results.
Catatonia revived: a unique syndrome updated
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2020
Charles Mormando, Andrew Francis
The treatment response in catatonia is typically one of complete resolution. Benzodiazepines and ECT are the most recommended modalities in current usage. Amobarbital has a longer history of clinical use, dating from the early-1930s. Only one randomized, placebo- controlled, double-blind trial for initial treatment has been published (McCall, Shelp, & McDonald, 1992). This study of 20 mute patients compared intravenous amobarbital with saline infusions in a crossover design. No change was noted among the 14 saline trials, but 10 of 20 patients responded to amobarbital where scores on an arousal scale improved by 56% within 10 min.
Metabolic and pharmacological profiling of Penicillium claviforme by a combination of experimental and bioinformatic approaches
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Zafar Ali Shah, Khalid Khan, Zafar Iqbal, Tariq Masood, Hassan A. Hemeg, Abdur Rauf
Anxiolytic and nicotine-induced effects were eliminated by the μ-opioid receptor antagonist -funaltrexamine (5 mgkg−1), suggesting a role in this behavioural response [42]. Obtusin is an anthraquinone derivative isolated from cassia obtusefolia that have significant antioxidant activity [43]. Obtusin was identified as larvicidal with LD50 of 1.7 ppm [44]. 4,4′-diaminostilbene is an azo compound with significant biological activities [45]. Amobarbital belongs to a class of barbiturates, and it is used as a hypnotic and sedative. In the epilepsy centre amobarbital is also advised to patients. Long-term use of this drug is prohibited due to dependency [46]. Fraxetin is the primary member of coumarin and is present in dietary supplements and functional foods. Its therapeutic properties have been reported as antiplatelet, antioxidant, hypoglycaemic, antibacterial and antiosteoporosis [47]. It was also recognised for inhibiting cystathionine synthase, with an IC50 value of 134 μM. Cystathionine β-synthase regulates human sulphur metabolism. Recent research has discovered that fraxetin plays a function in managing glucose levels in the kidney and liver, lowering the risk of type 2 diabetes [47]. 3-hydroxy benzyl alcohol is a phenolic compound that acts as a metabolite in various metabolic pathways. 3-hydroxy benzyl alcohol is reported for potent antileishmanial activity [48]. Maculosin is a phytotoxic compound that belongs to the diketopiperazine class, and it is used as a potent herbicide against knapweed [49]. Onchidal is a natural toxin that acts as an anti-acetylcholinesterase agent, and it regulates the transmittance of acetylcholinesterase enzyme at synapses [50]. It was previously reported using LCMS-QTOF analysis of dust containing different fungal species, including Penicillium [51].