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Byzantium
Published in Michael J. O’Dowd, The History of Medications for Women, 2020
At the beginning of the twentieth century, William Wyatt Squire in his Companion to the British Pharmacopoeia described alumen or alum as salts of potash alum and of ammonia alum. He wrote that alum was an astringent that could be prescribed ‘as an injection for leucorrhoea and gonorrhoea, 60 grains in a pint of water ... also for menorrhagia (1908 pp. 125–7). Alum was also advised for leukorrhea in Dorland’s Medical Dictionary (1932 p. 60). Alum products are still used as astringents to check exudative secretions and minor hemorrhage. Reynolds, editor of Martinaale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia (1982), noted that alum may be used as an antiperspirant, as a foot powder, and as a pediatric ‘alum and zinc dusting-powder’ to be applied to the umbilical cord (p. 283).
Irritants and rubefacients*
Published in Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach, Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach
Salts of metals are used as astringents, deodorants, and antiseptics. The most used salts are copper sulfate (CuSO4), zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), aluminum acetate ([CH3COO]3Al), aluminum subacetate ([CH3COO]2AlOH), stannous chloride (SnCl2), nickel ammonium sulfate (NiSO4[NH4]2SO4), potassium alum (KAl[SO4]2), aluminum chloride (AlCl3), and ammonium alum (NH4Al[SO4]2). Soluble salts with similar toxicities are formed by the action of acids on galvanized or copper-lined utensils. These salts are all water-soluble. Their precipitating effect on proteins forms the basis of their astringent and antiseptic effects. Zinc oxide, which is insoluble, has no acute toxicity. The exposure limit for these salts is 2 mg/m3. Zinc acetate (Galzin) is used to reduce the absorption of copper in the treatment of Wilson’s disease.
Evaluation of different haematoxylin stain subtypes for the optimal microscopic interpretation of cutaneous malignancy in Mohs frozen section histological procedure
Published in British Journal of Biomedical Science, 2021
JA Gabriel, M Shams, GE Orchard
Mayer’s haematoxylin which utilises ammonium alum-based mordant is another variant of the aluminium mordant subtype [9]. Visually the solution appears as a paler purple colour compared to some of the other haematoxylins, and this is also reflected in the staining pattern observed microscopically which is of a weaker intensity. Larson and colleagues recommended a staining time of 15 minutes to achieve optimal nuclear staining utilising Mayer’s haematoxylin as part of the Mohs procedure [10]. Therefore, it could be argued that it is possible to achieve a pronounced nuclear staining pattern if left in the haematoxylin solution for longer. Normally, section thickness variation can also have an impact staining, with thinner section’s showing weaker staining and thicker sections showing darker staining. However, in this study all sections were cut at 15μm to ensure consistency and any variation in staining can be attributed to the haematoxylin dye staining times. Overall, due to the need for rapid result generation that is required as part of the Mohs procedure, haematoxylin subtypes which require a 15 minute incubation period such as Mayer’s haematoxylin are not suitable for use.