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Medicinal Plants Against COVID-19
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Binish Khaliq, Naila Ali, Ahmed Akrem, M. Yasin Ashraf, Arif Malik, Arifa Tahir, M. Zia-Ul-Haq
The ethanolic extract of leaves of T. nucifera were checked for their effect as anti SARS coronavirus 3CL(pro) agent by using a FRET method and reported to contain four bioflavonoids including ginkgetin, amentoflavone, bilobetin, and sciadopitysin. Although, the extract of T. nucifera also have eight diterpenoids exhibiting IC50 value ranging from 49.6 µM to 283.5 µM, but the inhibitory effect of bioflavonoids (IC50 = 8.3–72.3 µM) was stronger which made them competitive inhibitors towards SARS-CoV-3CL(pro). Amentoflavone was the utmost effective prohibitor exhibiting IC50 = 8.3 ± 1.2 µM followed by luteolin (IC50 = 20.0 ± 2.2 µM), quercetin (IC50 = 23.8 ± 1.9 µM) and apigenin (IC50 = 28.8 ± 21.4 µM). Molecular docking revealed that amentoflavone formed strong hydrogen bonds with SARS-CoV-3CL(pro), thus inhibiting its activity [26].
Brazilian Bryophytes and Pteridophytes as Rich Sources of Medicinal Compounds
Published in Luzia Valentina Modolo, Mary Ann Foglio, Brazilian Medicinal Plants, 2019
Adaíses Simone Maciel-Silva, Lucas Vieira Lima
Numerous flavonoid compounds (Figure 7.18) with medicinal properties have been identified in ferns and fern allies (Ho et al., 2011). Flavonoids can be divided into several classes, including anthocyanins, flavones, flavonols, flavanones, dihydroflavonols, chalcones, aurones, flavonons, flavan, proanthocyanidins, isoflavonoids, and bioflavonoids (Iwashina, 2000). Some Selaginella-derived flavonoids stand out in terms of their potential pharmacological uses, such as amentoflavone, hinokiflavone, heveaflavone, neocryptomerin, pulvinatabiflavone, and 7″-O-methylamentoflavone (Cheng et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2012a, 2012b, 2012c, 2012d).
Flavonoids with Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
Amentoflavone is unique biflavonoid that occurs in a number of medicinal plants, including Ginkgo biloba and Hypericum perforatum.6 It is also found in Cnestis ferruginea, which is used in traditional African medicine in the management of psychiatric disorders. This biflavonoid has antidepressant and anxiolytic-like effects in mice. The anxiolytic effects appear to have been due to action at benzodiazepine receptors, as they were reversed by the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil.7 In fact, amentoflavone displaced [3H]flumazenil from rat brain benzodiazepine binding sites with a potent IC50 of 14.9 nM.8
Extensive metabolism of flavonoids relevant to their potential efficacy on Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2021
Amentoflavone (3′,8ʺ-biapigenin) is a biflavone with C-3′ in one apigenin linked to C-8 of another. Apigenin conjugates were observed after rats were orally administered amentoflavone, suggesting bond cleavage should occur (Wang et al. 2020), however, in another study, amentoflavone was dominantly oxidated, but no apigenin was detected (Feng et al. 2020), probably due to rapid conjugation of apigenin after released in vivo. In addition, amentoflavone was also directly conjugated in rats following intravenous, intraperitoneal or intragastric administration (Wang et al. 2020), and oral dosing resulted in higher levels of conjugation (Liao et al. 2015), indicating it was absorbed intact. Furthermore, mono-hydroxylated or hydrogenated amentoflavone was formed in rat liver (RLMs) and intestinal (RIMs) microsomes (Wang et al. 2020), while amentoflavone conjugates, rather than its oxidative metabolites, were found in human liver microsomes (HLMs), RLMs or RIMs from duodenum, jejunum and ileum in vitro by others (Gan et al. 2020). Moreover, amentoflavone was glucuronidated faster in HLMs and RLMs than in RIMs, which was basically mediated by human UGTs 1A1 and 1A3 (Gan et al. 2020). In addition, amentoflavone was mono-hydroxylated, methylated, hydrogenated or glucuronidated in Caco-2 cells, however, its colonic metabolism might be limited (Wang, Lu, Wang et al. 2020). Amentoflavone could be also mono-methylated and/or hydroxylated by human intestinal bacteria in vitro (Qian et al. 2017).
Improved solubility, dissolution rate, and oral bioavailability of main biflavonoids from Selaginella doederleinii extract by amorphous solid dispersion
Published in Drug Delivery, 2020
Bing Chen, Xuewen Wang, Yanyan Zhang, Kangping Huang, Hao Liu, Dafen Xu, Shaoguang Li, Qicai Liu, Jianyong Huang, Hong Yao, Xinhua Lin
TBESD was obtained from S. doederleinii using the reported methods (Yao et al., 2017); 103.82 mg/g, 37.52 mg/g, 44.40 mg/g, 53.36 mg/g, and 35.12 mg/g of amentoflavone, robustaflavone, 2″,3″-dihydro-3′,3‴-biapigenin, 3′,3‴-binaringenin, and delicaflavone were respectively used. Chrysin (purity ≧98%, internal standard, IS) was acquired from Shanghai Winherb Medical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Reference standards for amentoflavone, robustaflavone, 2″,3″-dihydro-3′,3‴-biapigenin, 3′,3‴-binaringenin, and delicaflavone (purity ≧98%) were isolated from S. doederleinii and their structures were fully elucidated by UV, MS, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR and confirmed by comparison to the literature (Li et al., 2014). The chemical structures of amentoflavone, robustaflavone, 2″,3″-dihydro-3′,3‴-biapigenin, 3′,3‴-binaringenin, and delicaflavone are shown in Figure S1.
Preparation, evaluation and metabolites study in rats of novel amentoflavone-loaded TPGS/soluplus mixed nanomicelles
Published in Drug Delivery, 2020
Xue Feng, Yuting Chen, Luya Li, Yuqian Zhang, Lantong Zhang, Zhiqing Zhang
Ginkgo is a deciduous tree of ginkgo family and ginkgo genus. It is an ancient gymnosperm with a growth history of several hundred million years (Gong et al., 2008). Ginkgo biloba leaves are rich in more than 200 kinds of compounds such as lactones, polysaccharides, flavones, organic acids and phenolic acids (Ude et al., 2013). Biflavonoids as special flavonoids, their activities are higher than that of monoflavonoids in some aspects. Therefore, a more detailed study on biflavonoids has a good application prospect and significance. As a kind of biflavonoids in ginkgo biloba leaves, amentoflavone (AMF) has many biological activities, such as antioxidant (Zhang et al., 2015; Lee & An, 2016), anti-inflammatory (Zhang et al., 2015), antifungal (Hwang et al., 2012), antiviral (Coulerie et al., 2013), hypoglycemic (Su et al., 2019), anti-tumor (Guruvayoorappan & Kuttan, 2008), and inducing apoptosis (Pei et al., 2012; Zhaohui et al., 2018).