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Diseases of the Nervous System
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
Mushroom poisoning or mycetism is connected with widely varying classes of neurotoxins.364 These include Amanita muscaria, which produces ibotenic acid, muscimol and muscazone, and Inocybes and Clitocybes mushrooms, which produce muscarine. Amanita phalloides is the most toxic mushroom; they synthesize amatoxins: cyclic octapeptides and phallotoxins:cyclic heptapeptides.90,165,268 The principal amatoxin is amanitin, and the most important phallotoxin is phalloidin. The action of various mushroom toxins resides in the effects on several nerve functions such as GABA-like action inhibiting central neurons, inhibition of RNA polymease II, depletion of nuclear RNA preventing protein synthesis, and disruption or dissolution of cell membranes and membranes of lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi bodies.176,231,268
Role of muscarinic receptors in cardiovascular regulation in SHR
Published in H. Saito, Y. Yamori, M. Minami, S.H. Parvez, New Advances in SHR Research –, 2020
Muscarine is a well known alkaloid from various mushrooms as for example the flyagaric, Agaricus muscarius, and also from rotten fish. Although the content of muscarine in Amanita muscaria comes to only approximately 0.003%, its poisonous and low- dose psychotropic effects are well known since ancient times. However, it was not until Schmiedberg isolated the alkaloid muscarine from Amanita muscaria that the properties of the drug could be systematically investigated. Later, in 1869, Schmiedberg and Koppe published the first extensive pharmacological study of muscarine.
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Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Amanita muscaria Scarlet fly cap fungus. Hallucinogenic fungus, known to the northeastern Siberian tribes since the 17th century who used it to produce intoxication, hallucinations and uncontrolled excited dancing. As the active principle was excreted in urine, the participants collected their urine and drank it to prolong intoxication. The first fungal toxin, muscaria, was isolated by O. Schmiedeberg of Germany in 1869.
The White Panther – Rare exposure to Amanita multisquamosa causing clinically significant toxicity
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
V. Vohra, I. V. Hull, K. T. Hodge
Scant literature exists surrounding Amanita multisquamosa exposures. Toxicity has been compared to Amanita muscaria ingestion, with primarily neurological features and mild gastrointestinal (GI) effects [2,3]. Previous cases include a Canadian family who experienced GI symptoms and demonstrated erratic behavior three hours after eating cooked specimens, resembling Amanita muscaria toxicosis [3]. High concentrations of ibotenic acid and muscimol have been found in Amanita multisquamosa samples, supporting comparisons to Amanita muscaria [4]. Ibotenic acid exerts excitatory central nervous system (CNS) effects while muscimol produces CNS depression [5]. Symptoms may appear within 30–120 min and can last 10–24 h [4,5]. Symptomatic and supportive care is indicated [5]. Our patient had a cardiac conduction abnormality of unknown etiology. Comprehensive molecular characterization of other toxins in Amanita multisquamosa has not been elucidated, therefore this exposure cannot be ruled out as a potential cause.
A Gratuitous Grace: The Influence of Religious Set and Intent on the Psychedelic Experience
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2018
Logan Neitzke-Spruill, Carol Glasser
Entheogen, a term for psychedelics when they are used for spiritual purposes, means “that which causes god to be within an individual” (Miller 2015, 4). It is hypothesized that some of today’s major religions, such as Christianity and Hinduism, originate from the use of psychedelic drugs. Some of the earliest evidence of this stems from the ancient Hindu texts known as Vedas (Miller 2015). Within these texts, there are references to mystical experiences prompted by a substance called Soma, which some have concluded to be the famous mushroom, amanita muscaria. Similarly, based on his translations of ancient Sumerian texts, John Marco Allegro (1973) attributed the origins of Christianity to the use of hallucinogenic mushrooms. Likewise, Benny Shanon (2008) hypothesized that certain biblical events were the result of encounters with entheogenic plants native to the Holy Land and the Sinai Peninsula (i.e., the acacia tree), which contain psychoactive compounds similar to those found in ayahuasca.