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Lifestyle and Diet
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline are all hallucinogens (141). When people take hallucinogens, they see, hear, or feel things that do not really exist. The acute effects of these hallucinogens are alteration of perception and feeling, hallucination, nausea, muscle twitches, and anxiety. For LSD and mescaline, increase of heart rate, body temperature, blood pressure, loss of appetite and sleep, and other troubles like sweating, dizziness, tremors, and impulsive behavior are also observed in addicts. For psilocybin, paranoia, anxiety, panic, and nausea are its main side effects. In long-term use, addiction is also observed, but this dependence is easily resolved. Besides their hallucinogenic properties, some psychedelics such as LSD have therapeutic properties such as the treatment of alcoholism and other addictions (cocaine) (139–141). Other studies examined the use of psychedelics to treat certain psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression, schizophrenia, and even autism (139–141).
Substance Use Disorders
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Hallucinogens principally alter sensory perceptions, mood, and thought patterns. On occasion neuropsychiatric symptoms may be unpleasant (i.e., “bad trip”) and rarely hallucinogen intoxication may lead to psychosis. Vital sign abnormalities are uncommon but may include increased blood pressure and heart rate. Most symptoms are mild and self-limited, but cases of hyperthermia and serotonin syndrome have been reported.
Missed Opportunities? Beneficial Uses of Illicit Drugs
Published in Ross Coomber, The Control of Drugs and Drug Users, 2020
Lester Grinspoon, James B. Bakalar
The most common adverse effect is a bad trip, or hallucinogen hallucinosis, which occasionally produces a true psychotic reaction. Another common effect is the flashback, a spontaneous transitory recapitulation of drug-induced experience in a drug-free state. Prolonged adverse reactions, which are considerably less common, include anxiety reactions, depressive reactions, and psychoses. They are most likely to occur in schizoid and prepsychotic personalities with barely stable egos who cannot cope with the mind alterations produced by the drug trip. There is a close resemblance between people hospitalized for LSD reactions and those hospitalized for psychoses unrelated to drugs (Strassman, 1984; Grinspoon & Bakalar, 1979). Like any probing psychotherapy, psychedelic drug therapy presents the danger that material will come up and cannot be accepted and integrated. Psychosis and even suicide have been reported in the course of psychedelic drug treatment. On the other hand, some people who have worked with psychedelic drugs consider them more likely to prevent suicide than to cause it, and most studies questioning psychiatrists about adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs in experimental or therapeutic research have revealed a low rate of serious complications (Clark et al., 1975; Cohen, 1960; Malleson, 1971).
A Nationwide Study Comparing Mental Health Professionals’ Willingness to Try Hallucinogenic Drugs in Basic Research or Clinical Practice
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2022
Yotam D. Ginati, Nir Madjar, Joseph Ben-Sheetrit, Shaul Lev-Ran, Abraham Weizman, Gal Shoval
Encountering hallucinogens in clinical psychiatry is mostly in the context of its harmful use and negative consequences. A comprehensive review revealed that mental health professionals hold negative views about drug users, who are often perceived as manipulative, aggressive and devoid of motivation for treatment. These patients feel more discriminated and are less likely to complete treatment if their therapist holds negative attitudes toward drug users (Van Boekel et al. 2013). More recent findings also suggested that mistrust and stigmatization of health care providers is perceived as substantial barrier to initiate and maintain effective treatment (Hasson-Ohayon et al. 2014; Virokannas 2020). Therefore, identifying the differences in the views of practitioners from various professional backgrounds can help in overcoming the current barriers for clinical research in this field and eventually the implementation of treatment with hallucinogens in clinical practice. Additionally, such data may assist in removing barriers to future research regarding the medical use of hallucinogens, and the incorporation of a specific program in medical school curriculum.
Patterns of Simultaneous Polysubstance Use among Partygoers: Correlates and Differences in Adverse Acute Effects Experienced
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2020
Fermín Fernández-Calderón, Claudio Vidal-Giné, Antonio J. Rojas-Tejada, Óscar M. Lozano-Rojas
As expected, the extensive polysubstance users in our study reported having experienced a higher number of acute adverse effects at their last party in comparison with the other two classes. However, although participants in the moderate polysubstance use/hallucinogens class reported having used a higher mean number of drugs at their last party in comparison with those in the low polysubstance use class, the mean number of experienced effects was very similar in both classes. This is an interesting finding, and it supports the idea that adverse drug-related effects are not only associated with the number of drugs used (i.e., quantitatively determined) but also with the nature of the used substances (i.e., qualitatively determined). A tentative explanation for this finding could be that the adverse effects explored in our study were mainly physical, while the effects typically associated with the use of hallucinogens are mainly psychological.
Adverse pharmacokinetic interactions between illicit substances and clinical drugs
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2020
Kodye L. Abbott, Patrick C. Flannery, Kristina S. Gill, Dawn M. Boothe, Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran, Sridhar Mani, Satyanarayana R. Pondugula
Illicit substances are compounds that can either stimulate or inhibit the central nervous system or cause hallucinogenic effects to the extent that their use has been prohibited globally (Baltes 2001). This review focuses on commonly used illicit substances as listed and described by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) (2019), with an emphasis on clinical pharmacokinetic interactions between illicit substances and clinical drugs (Table 1). Additionally, this review very briefly discusses the clinically significant interactions with other or unknown mechanisms (Table 2). In this review, the term “clinical drugs” is referred to both prescription and over-the-counter medications. According to the NIDA (2019), the commonly used illicit substances include cocaine, 3, 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) cannabis (marijuana), synthetic cathinones (bath salts), heroin, psilocybin, methamphetamines, khat, kratom, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), ayahuasca, mescaline, salvia, synthetic cannabinoids, N, N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and phencyclidine (PCP) (Figure 1(A,B)).