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Zearalenone: Insights into New Mechanisms in Human Health
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Cornelia Braicu, Alina Andreea Zimta, Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
Mycotoxins are the general name given to a number of secondary metabolites produced by microscopic fungi that parasitize the crops. The main types of mycotoxins are the aflatoxins (AFB) B1, B2, G1, and G2, ochratoxin (OTA) A, trichothecenes, zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), fumonision B1 and B2 (FB1 and FB2), fusaproliferin, moniliformic, beauvericin-, enniatins, ergot alkaloids, altenuene, alternariol, alternariol methyl ether, altertoxin, and tenuazonic acid. All of these secondary metabolites have negative effects on human and animal health. Some of these mycotoxins are able to suppress immune system, promote cancer formation, and have a toxic effect on the skin, liver, kidneys, endocrine glands, and nervous system. Besides the ingested concentration value, the level of toxicity is influenced likewise by the physical condition and the age of the individual [1–5].
Alternaria
Published in Dongyou Liu, Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
Alicia Rodríguez, Andrea Patriarca, Mar Rodríguez, María Jesús Andrade, Juan José Córdoba
The main cause of Alternaria foodborne diseases is due to the production and accumulation of mycotoxins on foods that could lead to acute and, more commonly, chronic effects. Although growth of moulds in foods is not necessarily associated with the formation of mycotoxins,22 in many cases their presence could lead to the accumulation of these metabolites in foods. Only about 30 of the 120 known secondary metabolites of Alternaria are considered toxic to humans and animals, many of them acting as phytotoxins.23 Only a small proportion of such phytotoxins has been chemically characterized and reported to act as mycotoxins in humans and animals. The most important Alternaria mycotoxins are alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT), tenuazonic acid (TeA), tentoxin (TEN), and altertoxins I, II, and III (ATX-I, -II, and -III),24 which belong to three structural classes25: (1) dibenzopyrone derivatives (AOH, AME, ALT), (2) perylene derivatives (ATX-I, -II, -III), and (3) tetramic acid derivatives (TeA). The production of important Alternaria mycotoxins by the most common Alternaria species is shown in Table 30.1.
Electron Beam Irradiated Chitosan elicits enhanced antioxidant properties combating resistance to Purple Blotch Disease (Alternaria porri) in Onion (Allium cepa).
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Harshvardhan Dattatray Gaikwad, Sunil Govind Dalvi, Shrihari Hasabnis, Penna Suprasanna
Onion is the most extensively grown vegetable species in the Allium genus but is challenged by fungal diseases such as purple blotch, Stemphylium blight, downy mildew, Fusarium basal rot, white rot, rust, smut, and black mold. Purple blotch caused by Alternaria porri is a devastating foliar diseases in all the Allium cultivating countries (Kareem et al. 2012). Alternaria sp. is the most mycotoxigenic fungi which secretes toxins such as tenuazonic acid, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene, and tentoxin with demonstrated role in mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and metabolic disorders (Lee et al. 2015; Escrivá et al. 2017). Alternaria porri infection results in severe yield losses ranging from 5% to 96.5% in both the bulb and seed crop (Gupta et al. 1994). Since biological control measures are unable to control the disease successfully, chemical fungicides are majorly advocated (Yadav et al. 2017). Although other practices such as low dense planting, well-drained soil, the application of drip irrigation, and use of resistant or tolerant variety and fingicide spray are adopted, prevention of the purple blotch disease is still a major challenge (Mishra et al. 2014). Chemical control through seed treatment with thiram and frequent application of recommended fungicides like foliar sprays of mancozeb (Shaikh and Anandhan 2013) often results in the development of resistance in pathogenic fungi and presence of residue has become a major environmental concern (Damalas and Eleftherohorinos 2011).
Therapeutic potentials of endophytes for healthcare sustainability
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Ayodeji O. Falade, Kayode E. Adewole, Temitope C. Ekundayo
Alternaria alternate, obtained from Capsicum annum, has shown dexterity for the production of capsaicin and alternariol-10-methyl ether, which showed cytotoxicity against different cancer cells such as HL-60 cells through initiation of apoptosis [35].