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Common Medicines from Herbs, Minerals and Animal Sources
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
The USFDA stated a final regulation mentioning that utilisation of aloe vera as a non-prescribed purgative medicine is no longer GRAS and efficient (Food and Drug Administration, 2002). Currently, the whole aloe vera leaf extract has been categorised by the international cancer research agency as a prospective carcinogen for humans along with other herbal medicines such as kava extract and ginkgo biloba extract (Grosse et al., 2013; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2016). Prolonged use of anthranoid laxatives might be associated with the risk of growing colon carcinoma (van Gorkom et al., 1999). The International Council of Aloe Science proposes that the highest permitted content of aloin in aloe-originated material for oral intake is below ten parts per million (PPM); for non-therapeutic consumption, the advised limit is 50 or lower parts per million (Guo & Mei, 2016) (Figure 12.8).
Emerging Highlights on Natural Prodrug Molecules with Multifarious Therapeutic Perspectives
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Cristóbal Noé Aguilar, A. K. Haghi, Applied Pharmaceutical Practice and Nutraceuticals, 2021
Mojabir Hussen Ansari, Vaibhav Shende, Debarshi Kar Mahapatra
Barbaloin (10-β-D-glucopyranosyl-1,8-dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-9-(10H)-anthracenore) is a main bioactive compound in Aloe Vera (Liliaceous plant family). It is a cactus-like plant that grows in hot, dry climates.40 The word “Aloe” derives from the Arabic word “Alloeh” meaning shining sour substance while “Vera” in Latin means true. There are more than 300 species of Aloe plant, but Aloe barbadensis species has the greatest medicinal properties.41. Barbaloin, also known as aloin, has diverse pharmacological effects that include anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antitumor, purgative, and antiprotozoal effects.42. The purgative movement of barbaloin is triggered with the aid of Eubacterium sp., which converts barbaloin to aloe-emodin anthrone. Barbaloin inhibits the rat colonic Na+-K+-ATPase in vitro and improved paracellular permeability across the rat colonic mucosa in vivo.. Barbaloin pretreatment attenuates the myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and restores infarction size.44.
In silico analysis of multi-target antimelasma aloe vera compound
Published in Ade Gafar Abdullah, Isma Widiaty, Cep Ubad Abdullah, Medical Technology and Environmental Health, 2020
D. Hikmawati, T. Respati, Y. Yuniarti, L. Yuniarti
Figure 1 shows that the content of aloe vera can target TYRP1, as an enzyme that plays a role in melanin formation. Melasma occurs because of the formation of excess melanin. The target of melasma therapy is inhibition of melanocyte proliferation and melanosome formation and the increase of melanosome degradation. Depigmentation materials can be classified according to their work methods – namely (1) inhibiting tyrosinase or tyrosinase transcription, tyrosinase-related protein (TYRP) 1, TYRP-2, and peroxidase; (2) inhibiting melanosome transfer; (3) cytotoxic melanocytes transcription of tyrosinase-related genes (TYRP) 1, TYRP-2, and peroxidase; (4) inhibiting melanosome transfer; (5) cytotoxic melanocytes arranged by microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). Picardo and Carrera’s studies found that aloesin from aloe vera works as an uncompetitive tyrosinase inhibitor, influencing the complex action of tyrosinase in the substratum and reducing the conversion of DOPA to melanin. Tan and colleagues and Cheng and colleagues have reported that the aloin isolated from aloe vera leaf extract acts as a natural skin lightener. It binds not only to the tyrosinase enzyme but also to the enzyme-substrate complex, which causes the inactivation of enzymes that result in skin lightening (Gupta et al. 2018).
The absence of genotoxicity of a mixture of aloin A and B and a commercial aloe gel beverage
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2022
A. Wallace Hayes, Roger A. Clemens, Peter Pressman
Aloin (C21H22O9) is a yellow aromatic organic compound, composed of two diastereoisomers, aloin A and aloin B. Aloin is a phytoconstituent of aloes, an anthrone C-glucoside with a molecular weight of 418. It is a constituent of a larger family of compounds known as hydroxyanthracene derivatives (HADs). EFSA concluded, from their analysis of the literature, that Aloe extracts were genotoxic in vitro. This observation was attributed to the presence of hydroxyanthracene derivatives (HADs). In particular, the aloin concentration is putatively considered the dominant factor in the toxicological profile. This point is supported by the literature, which reports the genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of aloin, its metabolites, and structural analogs (Mori et al. 1985, 1986; Heidemann et al. 1993; Mueller et al. 1999; Nesslany et al. 2007; Chen et al. 2010; Boudreau et al. 2017).
Aloin suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting NLRP3/NF-κB via activation of SIRT1 in mice
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2020
Jiaji Lei, Yongbin Shen, Guangquan Xv, Zhixin Di, Yongchao Li, Guanghua Li
The aloe vera plant has been widely used in Chinese herbal medicine, as health and nutritional supplements and also for cosmetic purposes [8,9]. Aloin, the bioactive compound obtained from the leaf exudates of aloe vera, has been shown to exhibit various pharmacological properties, including anti-proliferative, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities [9–12]. Evidence has suggested that aloin inhibited lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response in chronic alcoholic liver injury induced by LPS [10]. Other studies showed that aloin suppressed LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS and COX-2 production through inhibiting the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway [13]. In addition, aloin also exerted its anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing ROS-mediated activation of the JAK1-STA1/3 signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells [14]. However, the protective effects of aloin on lung inflammatory response have not been yet studied. Therefore, we investigated the protective effects and potential mechanisms of aloin in a mouse model of LPS-induced ALI.