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Principles of a balanced nutritious diet for children over 1 year
Published in Judy More, Infant, Child and Adolescent Nutrition, 2021
The UK Food Standards Agency currently advises that the following colours should be avoided as research indicates they may affect children’s behaviour:Tartrazine (E102);Ponceau 4 R (E124);Sunset yellow FCF (E110);Carmosine (E122);Quinoline yellow (E104);Allura red AC (E129).
Contact Urticaria Syndrome from Foods and Food Derivatives
Published in Ana M. Giménez-Arnau, Howard I. Maibach, Contact Urticaria Syndrome, 2014
Angèle Soria, Pascale Mathelier-Fusade
Contact urticaria to natural coloring agents is rare. A case of ICoU with cochineal red A and allura red AC was reported in children with positive open skin tests in red Play-Doh containing food coloring.[83]
Prenatal exposure to artificial food colorings alters NMDA receptor subunit concentrations in rat hippocampus
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Duygu Kumbul Doguc, Firdevs Deniz, İlter İlhan, Esin Ergonul, Fatih Gultekin
The neurobehavioral effects of AFCAs in animals, separately or as a mixture, have been widely investigated and evaluated in different tasks. Tanaka studied a variety of AFCAs individually and evaluated certain reproductive and neurobehavioral parameters in at least three generations of mice. Different doses of erythrosine, sunset yellow FCF, ponceau 4R, amaranth, and allura red AC were administered orally. Especially at moderate and high doses, these AFCAs caused an increase in emotional and movement activities, average speed, movement time, and a decrease in the time taken to reach the goal in a T maze. Sex- and dose-dependent adverse effects on movement activities and swimming speed were reported [11–17]. The main difference with our study was that Tanaka applied AFCAs individually in each study and evaluated their effects mostly via T maze. As in our study, Tanaka observed several adverse effects of each AFCA in some, but not all, of the test parameters, and sex was also reported as an important factor in the effects of AFCAs on neurobehavioral parameters. In a study by Noorafshan et al., allura red was administered to adult rats at doses of 7 and 70 mg/kg/day. Both doses caused an increase in working and reference memory errors during the acquisition and retention phases in an 8-arm radial maze [47]. Erickson et al. administered a mixture of AFCAs (allura red AC, tartrazine, sunset yellow FCF, and brilliant blue FCF) at ADI doses to the fourth-generation of rats exposed to multigenerational prenatal stress from infancy to adolescence. Consumption of AFCAs resulted in hyperactivity which subsided following the termination of treatment [24,47]. Gao et al. administered tartrazine at a dose range of 125–500 mg/kg for 30 days and reported induced neurotoxicity and dose-dependent deficits in learning and memory in both mice and rats [19]. In these three studies, the AFCAs were consumed directly by the experimental groups via normal oral intake during infancy to adolescence, which is different from our method of administration, and resulted in increased hyperactivity and disturbed learning and memory performance.