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Mass Spectrometric Analysis
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Useful spectra of alkali metal salts and free acids of several penicillins have been reported using FAB [235—237]. Under these conditions the molecular weights were obtained from (M + X)+ ions in the positive mode and (M − X)− ions in the negative node, where X = H or the alkali metal involved. In addition, (2M + X)+ and (2M − X)− ions are observed for the alkali salts but are weak or missing in the free acid spectra. In the presence of doubly charged cations, such as Ca2+, penicillin spectra exhibit positive ions with a single charge corresponding to (RCOOCa)+. Several fragment ions in the positive ion spectra were used to characterize the side chain of these compounds. All the negative ion spectra are derived from a common decomposition process. These ions possess the intact side chain, two carbons from the lactam ring, and the sulfur atom (Scheme 3). Many of these decomposition pathways, for positive and negative ions, have been confirmed using MS/MS methods [238]. Another MS/MS study demonstrated the method’s ability to distinguish between several isomeric structures of an ion at m/z 174, one derived from several penicillins and two others from similar compounds [143].
Fluorescence in Histochemical Reactions
Published in Victoria Vladimirovna Roshchina, Fluorescence of Living Plant Cells for Phytomedicine Preparations, 2020
Victoria Vladimirovna Roshchina
The accumulation of catecholamines in leaves of some plants may relate to stress. Furthermore, the noradrenaline level in the peel of banana fruits increased from 5.1–6.2 in unmatured and yellow matured to 15.2 µg/g of fresh mass in yellow-black supermatured fruit, and the increase in the pulp from 2.5 in yellow matured to 10.1 µg/g of fresh mass in supermatured fruit is associated with oxidative processes during ripening (Foy and Parratt 1960). Feng with coauthors (1961) found a high concentration of noradrenaline in the medicinal plant Portulaca oleracea. In the ripening or overripened state, the concentration of noradrenaline increases two- to fourfold compared with unripe fruits. In plants that are able to respond to mechanical stimuli with motor activity, such as Albizia julibrissian and Mimosa pudica, noradrenaline accumulates in motor organs and axes of leaves (Applewhite 1973). Dopamine has an exogenous defensive reaction to stress connected with alkali salt damage (Jiao et al. 2019) or drought (Gao et al. 2019).
Aspects of Nickel Allergy: Epidemiology, Etiology, Immune Reactions, Prevention, and Therapy
Published in Jurij J. Hostýnek, Howard I. Maibach, Nickel and the Skin, 2019
EDTA and derivatives show different efficacy in sequestering nickel ion (Gawkrodger et al., 1995). In practice, alkali and earth alkali salts of EDTA or combinations of the two have been evaluated. In vitro, a cream with 2% Na2H2EDTA and 4% CaNa2EDTA was found to be more effective than other EDTA derivatives for rapid binding of nickel ion. A preparation with 1.8% Na2H2EDTA and 5.4% CaNa2EDTA had the greatest such capacity (Resl and Sykora, 1965).
Evaluation of detoxified cottonseed protein isolate for application as food supplement
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Manoj Kumar, Jayashree Potkule, Sharmila Patil, Vellaichamy Mageshwaran, Varsha Satankar, Mukesh K. Berwal, Archana Mahapatra, Sujata Saxena, Nandita Ashtaputre, Charlene D’ Souza
Several studies have been conducted to develop the edible products based on CSPI (Kumar 2019). Apart from the nutritional quality, the ability CSPI to be incorporated in food system plays important role. This ability can confirm by evaluating the protein for the functional properties such as water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, foaming properties, and emulsifying properties. Another important property of the protein is its solubility at various pH, this is critical for its use in acidic and alkaline foods. These properties have been evaluated by various researchers (Tsaliki et al.2002; 2004). However, functional properties of the proteins vary as per environmental factors, processing conditions and extraction methods. The functional and physicochemical properties of CSPI obtained from hot-pressed solvent extraction, cold-press solvent extraction and subcritical fluid extraction of CSM shows good oil/water absorption capacity, emulsifying properties, foaming properties, fluorescence intensity, surface hydrophobicity which suggested their potential applications in food industry (Ma et al.2018). In the current study, the CSPI extracted obtained by alkali-salt based extraction method with alkali: sample ratio (33:1), NaCl (0.15 mol/l), Na2SO3 (0.27%), and time (147.5 min) at pH 11, was evaluated for their functional properties (Kumar et al.2021).
Antimicrobial lipids in nano-carriers for antibacterial delivery
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2020
Qianyu Zhang, Wen Wu, Jinqiang Zhang, Xuefeng Xia
The antimicrobial activity of certain lipids has been known for over a century [1]. The earliest report on the disinfection using lipids was reported by Robert Koch in 1881 when he found that the diluent of potassium soap could effectively stop the growth of anthrax bacillus in nutrient broth, which is the cause of anthrax [2,3]. This study emphasised on the application of soaps whose major component is alkali salts of fatty acid for its antimicrobial capacity. In the following decades, researchers have demonstrated that fatty acids possessed bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect against a spectrum of pathogens such as the streptococcus, pneumococcus, diphtheria bacillus and typhoid bacillus [4,5]. However, studies on antimicrobial lipids such as fatty acids have been eclipsed mainly due to the advent of antibiotics such as penicillin in the late 1940s. Antibiotics ushered in a new era of antimicrobial treatment and saved countless lives over the years, but its drawbacks became apparent as well. Antibacterial resistance against antibiotics is now an urgent global issue due to the evolution of bacteria under the selective stress of antibiotics.
Application of hot melt extrusion for improving bioavailability of artemisinin a thermolabile drug
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2018
C. Kulkarni, A. L. Kelly, T. Gough, V. Jadhav, K. K. Singh, A. Paradkar
Artemisinin does not contain a chromophore and hence it was difficult to find a sensitive and appropriate analytical method. A UV method was selected which involved post derivatization. This was based on the formation of an alkali salt of artemisinin (Q292) formed by treatment with 0.2% NaOH at 40 °C, however the product was not colored [24]. From visual observation of the extrudates, ArtSD2 was darker in color compared to ArtSD1. This degradation was mirrored in the assays; 83.30% and 78.65% for ArtSD1 and ArtSD2, respectively. However, the modified formulation ArtSD3 (containing citric acid) was found to be 99.76%. As ArtSD3 yielded the highest drug content, this formulation was used for further characterization. All assay results are presented in Table 4.