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Bioenergetics
Published in Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan
The bicarbonate buffer system is a solution of carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions in the blood and is the primary buffering system. Carbonic acid (H2CO3) forms by the hydration of carbon dioxide and then dissociates into bicarbonate (HCO3–) and H+.In mammals, the bicarbonate system is found primarily within red blood cells and works quite well in maintaining pH because the lungs and kidneys constantly remove CO2, preventing equilibrium from being reached.If environmental alterations occur increasing pH, the kidneys can excrete HCO3–.
The Respiratory System and Its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
The inability of the lungs to eliminate carbon dioxide results in a condition called respiratory acidosis, a decrease in serum pH from the excess carbonic acid of dissolved CO2. Alkalosis is a condition that results when the lungs eliminate too much carbon dioxide, increasing serum pH. Diseases that impair the ability of the lungs to transfer oxygen to the blood may produce hypoxia, in which oxygen in the blood is insufficient for the tissues, or anoxia, in which no oxygen enters the blood.
Sedative/Hypnotics
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Frank A. Barile, Anirudh J. Chintalapati
At the highest doses, blockade of sympathetic ganglia triggers hypotension, bradycardia, and decreased inotropy, with consequent decreased cardiac output. In addition, inhibition of medullary vasomotor centers induces arteriolar and venous dilation, further complicating the cerebral hypoxia and cardiac depression. Respiratory acidosis results from accumulation of carbon dioxide, shifting pH balance to the formation of carbonic acid. The condition resembles alcoholic inebriation as the patient presents with hypoxic shock, rapid but shallow pulse, cold and sweaty skin (hypothermia), and either slow or rapid, shallow breathing. Responsiveness and depth of coma are evaluated according to the guidelines for the four stages of coma (see Chapter 3).
Acid content and buffer-capacity: a charge-balance perspective
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2022
Troels Ring, Stephen Edward Rees, Sebastian Frische
Figure 4 shows for the monovalent buffer alone and when that is supplemented with pCO2 = 40 mmHg that titratable acidity equals SIDref – SID. The difference in acid content across the transport is again 3.1164 mM for the first case and 44.3179 mM when CO2 is present. Clearly, subtracting SID from the same SIDref in each of the two cases (9.617 mM compared to 34.305 mM when CO2 is present) leaves ΔSID from end to beginning equal to the change of SIDref – SID from beginning to end, as an estimate of acid content. The findings are shown in supplementary materials. It will be remarked that for the calculation of TA on carbonic acid, the total CO2 content is required, but that is a direct function of pCO2 and pH.
Post periorbital carboxytherapy orbital emphysema: a case report
Published in Orbit, 2022
Mansooreh Jamshidian-Tehrani, Sima Sheikhghomi, Abolfazl Kasaee
The application of carboxytherapy or administration of sterile carbon dioxide gas for clinical uses originated from favorable outcomes of topical administration of highly carbonated water on ischemic ulcers. Similar promising effects were also evident following the intradermal application of purified, sterile carbon dioxide using advanced instruments.1-3 Subsequent studies showed that after controlled infusion of CO2 in the dermis and subcutaneous tissues, carbonic acid is generated by a combination of water and CO2 molecules which acidifies the tissues. This increased local acidity not only increases the permeability of capillary walls but also facilitates oxygen release from hemoglobin, according to the Boer effect. Moreover, the induced inflammatory reaction is followed by vasodilation and increased local temperature, which all contribute to increasing collagen turnover and extracellular matrix remodeling.4,5
Analysis of the heart rate deflection point as a tool for exercise prescription in subjects with COPD - a cross-sectional study
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2020
Marceli Rocha Leite, Ercy Mara Cipulo Ramos, Carlos Augusto Kalva-Filho, Bruna Spolador De Alencar Silva, Ana Paula Coelho Figueira Freire, Eduardo Zapaterra Campos, Dionei Ramos
A major complication in COPD subjects is the development of stable hypercapnia (Caviedes, Delgado, and Soto, 2012). Under normal conditions, the production of CO2 is removed by pulmonary ventilation. However, an alteration in respiratory exchanges, as occurs in advanced phase of COPD, results in retention of CO2. CO2 is then hydrated with the formation of carbonic acid that subsequently dissociates with the release of hydrogen ions (H+) into the body fluids. Thus, the consequence of hypercapnia due to alteration in gas exchange in subjects with COPD mainly consists of an increase in H+ concentration and development of respiratory acidosis, also called hypercapnic acidosis (Bruno and Valenti, 2012). This pathophysiological mechanism could be a reason for the anticipation of the GET, which was observed in the results of this study.