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Gloves as Protection against Microbial Contamination
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Contact with chemicals during the use of medical gloves is as common as mechanical strain. Disinfectants, mostly containing alcohol, are used routinely for the disinfection of skin and medical products. When medical gloves are used in performing work tasks that involve contact with chemicals and pharmaceuticals, it is important to note that medical gloves are usually not tested according to ASTM F 739, EN/ISO 6529, or any other standard method for chemical permeation. It is necessary to consider what level of protection is needed in every situation involving that type of exposure. For example, acrylates used in dentistry and orthopedic surgery may permeate medical gloves within a few minutes and so may cytostatics such as carmustine.35
Hypertension
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Lifestyle changes are important for any elevations of BP. There should be more physical activity, in a structured program of exercise. Weight loss must occur in obese or overweight people. The diet must contain fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy products, whole grains, and reduced saturated fat as well as total fat. Dietary sodium must be less than 1,500 mg/day, which is less than 3.75 g of sodium chloride, or if this is not possible, at least a 1,000 mg/day reduction. Alcohol intake must be no more than 2 drinks per day for men and no more than 1 drink per day for women. Per serving, this means 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, and 1.5 ounces of distilled spirits. Smoking must be stopped. Dietary changes help manage diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and obesity. If uncomplicated hypertension is present, activities do not need to be restricted as long as BP is under control.
The administration of medicines to children
Published in Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara, Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara
Alcohol may be used as a co-solvent or antimicrobial preservative and may be included at a high concentration in some preparations such as phenobarbital elixir (38%) and ritonavir oral solution (43%). Administration of large quantities may elevate blood alcohol levels [3] and the taste may be unacceptable to some children. Chronic administration may induce liver enzymes. The presence of alcohol should be apparent from the patient information leaflet for products authorised in the EU [4].
Olive oil and clove oil-based nanoemulsion for topical delivery of terbinafine hydrochloride: in vitro and ex vivo evaluation
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Uzma Gul, Muhammad Imran Khan, Asadullah Madni, Muhammad Farhan Sohail, Mubashar Rehman, Akhtar Rasul, Leena Peltonen
For development of less toxic nanoemulsions, nonionic surfactants in low concentrations are preferred over ionic surfactants (Abdou et al., 2017). In this study, two different nonionic surfactants, Tween 80 and Tween 20, were studied. Solubility of TF-HCl was higher to Tween 80 (50.24 mg/mL) as compared to Tween 20 (45.87 mg/mL), based on which Tween 80 (HLB = 14.5) was selected as a surfactant for further studies (Table 3). Isopropyl alcohol and ethanol were tested as possible co-solvents. TF-HCl was more soluble to ethanol (30.28 mg/mL; literature value 30 mg/mL (Vejnovic et al., 2010)) as compared to isopropyl alcohol (20.43 mg/mL). Solubility value for ethanol in this study was in very good agreement with the literature value 30 mg/mL (Vejnovic et al., 2010). Therefore, ethanol was selected as a co-solvent in this study.
Effect of gal/GalNAc regioisomerism in galactosylated liposomes on asialoglycoprotein receptor-mediated hepatocyte-selective targeting in vivo
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2021
Hua Nie, Bo Qiu, Qi-Xuan Yang, Ying Zhao, Xiao-Min Liu, Ying-Ting Zhang, Fu-Lin Liao, Sheng-Yuan Zhang
Enzymatic esterification of the sugar is affected by steric hindrance around the hydroxyl group. Substitutions of the primary and secondary alcohols are remarkably distinguishable according to reports in the literature (Halldorsson et al.2001). Thus, in the cases of Gal, GalNAc, and Lac, the lipases showed outstanding selectivity for the hydroxyl group at the C-6′ position, but to no other positions. Furthermore, compared with other groups that reported mono-antennary Gal modified CHS derivative synthetic strategies, our synthetic method has only two steps (Scheme 2) and achieved a high yield of above 90%. On the other hand, Managit et al. (2005a) synthesized cholesten-5-yloxy-N-(4-((1-imino-2-d-thiogalactosylethyl) formamide via five steps. Wang et al. (2006) synthesized (5-Cholesten-3b-yl) 4-oxo-4-[2-(lactobionyl amido) ethylamido] butanoate via six steps, and Zhang et al. (2015) synthesized Gal-Polyethylene Glycol-Chol via nine steps. The level of complexity in these latter methods suggests there are significant industrial prospects for the enzymic method.
Melatonin and alcohol-related disorders
Published in Chronobiology International, 2020
Natalia Kurhaluk, Halyna Tkachenko
Alcohol (ethanol or ethyl alcohol) is a constituent of beer, wine, and spirits that when consumed in excess causes inebriation. One of the factors affecting the redox state of cells is ethyl alcohol, i.e., a commonly consumed xenobiotic. Alcohol is formed when yeast ferments the sugars in different foods. Wine is made from the sugar in grapes, beer from the sugar in malted barley, cider from the sugar in apples, and vodka from the sugar in potatoes or other plants (Kuhn et al. 2008). Alcohol is the most widely abused substance worldwide and a significant source of tissue injury. Many biomarkers of ethanol diseases have been identified (Das et al. 2008; Niemelä 2007). Although the metabolism alcohol takes place mainly in the liver, alcohol being a solvent easily penetrates through cell membranes that consist of lipid derivatives (Kuhn et al. 2008).