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Emollient Esters and Oils
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
John Carson, Kevin F. Gallagher
A great deal of work has been done by chemists in the esterification of dibasic acids. Much of this work was done prior to and during World War II to produce heavy-duty lubricating oils as replacements for the vegetable, animal, and petroleum oils that were then used as machine and motor lubricants (4). But, while much work has been done, not much of this work has been transferred to the cosmetics industry. At this point, we find ourselves with dioctyl sebecate, dioctyl adipate, and dioctyl maleate as the primary cosmetic esters of dibasic acids. The driving force for use of these esters is mostly economic. Adipic and sebacic acids are two of the least costly dibasic acids commercially available. In addition, 2-ethyl hexanol (octyl alcohol) is an inexpensive, readily available commercial alcohol. The dibasic acid esters can be made low in color (almost water white) and low in odor. The esters that are produced are very fluid, light-feeling and extremely nongreasy. Higher-molecuiar-weight alcohols produce more viscous and more oily products which may be more occlusive and lower in irritation. However, their use in cosmetic formulations is limited because of their oiliness.
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity Studies by Cutaneous Administration
Published in Rhoda G. M. Wang, James B. Knaak, Howard I. Maibach, Health Risk Assessment, 2017
Rochelle W. Tyl, Raymond G. York, James L. Schardein
Ethyl hexanol caused maternal but no developmental toxicity when given by occlusive dermal application to rats on gestation days 6 to 15 at doses of 1 to 3 ml/kg.45 The oral route in the same species was developmentally toxic.119
Alcohol and Aldehyde Dehydrogenases in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Published in Victor R. Preedy, Ronald R. Watson, Alcohol and the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2017
Human class 3 ALDH has been purified to homogeneity from human gastric mucosa87 and cornea.73 and detailed kinetic studies have been performed. Both stomach and cornea enzymes appear to be identical. Km values are in the millimolar range for short-chain aliphatic aldehydes but decrease as the number of carbons increase. The products of lipid peroxidation, hexanol, trans-2-hexenal, and 4-hidroxynonenal, are oxidized very efficiently.73 Aromatic aldehydes, such as benzaldehyde and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, are also good substrates.73,87 Class 3 ALDH exhibits very high kcat values as compared to the other ALDH classes (Table 3.3). The enzyme is active with both NAD and NADP as coenzymes, although Km for NAD is much lower and physiologically significant. Overall kinetic properties are similar to those of rat and mouse stomach class 3 ALDH.84,101
Intentional avermectin pesticide ingestion: a retrospective multicenter study
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Yi-Kan Wu, Chia-Hau Chang, Jiun-Hao Yu, Kai-Ping Lan, Tzung-Hai Yen, Shu-Sen Chang, Chen-June Seak, Hsing-Yuan Chang, Hsien-Yi Chen
Solvents and additives in pesticides can contribute to toxicity following ingestion, especially when the solvents contain methanol. In Taiwan, dozens of abamectin and emamectin pesticide products are commercially available, and the majority do not clearly disclose the solvent ingredients on the label. Based on previous case reports, the solvents in abamectin and emamectin pesticides may contain hexanol, antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene, N-methylpyrrolidone, and paraffinic oil, which may contribute to the CNS, GI, and cardiovascular symptoms observed in avermectin pesticide poisoning [12,14]. Concurrent methanol poisoning via solvent was reported in a patient who ingested methomyl pesticide [35]. Despite the potential for severe toxicity, patients with concurrent methanol exposure did not have worse outcomes compared to those without methanol exposure in our study. This was probably due to commercial avermectin pesticides having low concentrations of methanol, or to the small number of methanol exposure cases in our study. Patients with methanol poisoning usually require specific therapy to prevent mortality and minimize complications. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of concurrent methanol poisoning in patients who ingest liquid avermectin pesticides.
Intake of New Zealand Blackcurrant Powder Affects Skin-Borne Volatile Organic Compounds in Middle-Aged and Older Adults
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2022
M. E. T. Willems, M. Todaka, M. Banic, M. D. Cook, Y. Sekine
Our understanding on the endogenous origin of 2-hexanone detected by skin emission is absent. Inhalation of atmospheric 2-hexanone should be avoided. In plastic fabric workers, for example, occupational exposure to 2-hexanone (methyl butyl ketone) caused acute mixed motor and sensory neuropathy (Landrigan et al. 1980). It was suggested by Mochalski and Unterkofler (2016) that 2-hexanone, when present in urine, could be the product of 2-hexanol oxidation. In urine, 2-hexanone was considered a potential biomarker for lung cancer (Santos et al. 2017). In breath, 2-hexanone and 2-pentanone were changed in response to hypoxic conditions (7620 m, 8% O2) (Harshman et al. 2015). It was suggested that 2-hexanone (and 2-heptanone) may be due to beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the lungs (Harshman et al. 2015). However, different processes can be responsible for volatile compounds emanated from skin and breath.
Exposure to a mixture of 23 chemicals associated with unconventional oil and gas operations alters immune response to challenge in adult mice
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2021
Colleen T. O’Dell, Lisbeth A. Boule, Jacques Robert, Steve N. Georas, Sophia Eliseeva, B. Paige Lawrence
Overall, the study of immunotoxicity has largely focused on examining immune modulation by single chemical exposures. This is a valuable and important approach, particularly to understanding mechanisms of toxicity. For the mixture used in the current study, there is minimal, and in some cases no, extant data on possible immunomodulatory effects of many of the chemical constituents. However, there is some evidence that exposure to several components of this mixture, such as naphthalene and 2-ethyl-hexanol disturbs aspects of immune cell functions (Kawabata and White 1990; Yoshida et al. 2009; McGuire et al. 2021). Benzene and styrene are also known carcinogens and immunotoxicants in mammals (Veraldi et al. 2006; McHale et al. 2012). Other studies have shown that direct exposure to volatile organics, including ethylbenzene, styrene, and benzene, was associated with lymphopenia in an all-female study population (Baines et al. 2004). Similar to the current findings, another study found that inhalation exposure of male mice to formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, and xylene decreased the number of T-cells in peripheral immune organs (Wang et al. 2016).