China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Food Types, Dietary Supplements, and Roles
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
The metabolism of alcohol is essential to human life. Alcohol metabolism takes place mainly in the liver and relies on two major nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent enzymes, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2). Alcohol is first converted into acetaldehyde by ADH and cytochrome p450 2E1 (CYP2E1) via oxidative degradation, and the acetaldehyde is then oxidized to nontoxic acetate by ALDH and the coenzyme NAD or NADP for excretion (49). These two enzymes help break apart the alcohol molecule in order to eliminate it from the body. First, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) metabolizes alcohol to acetaldehyde, a highly toxic substance and known carcinogen (50). Acetaldehyde is generally short-lived; it is quickly broken down to a less toxic compound called acetate (CH3COO-) by another enzyme called aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Acetate then is broken down into carbon dioxide gas (CO2) and water, mainly in tissues other than the liver for easy elimination (49–51).
Lifestyle Medicine in Menopause and Bone Health
Published in Michelle Tollefson, Nancy Eriksen, Neha Pathak, Improving Women's Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
Based on current estimates, the number of older female consumers of alcohol is expected to rise over the next two decades. Because of gender differences in alcohol metabolism, women are at increased risk of negative consequences associated with excessive consumption. While older women may benefit from low levels of alcohol consumption with regard to cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis, these benefits are often nullified with higher consumption levels. Additionally, all alcohol consumption increases the risk of breast cancer.49
Problems of Alcohol and Drug Use in the Elderly
Published in Frank Lynn Iber, Alcohol and Drug Abuse as Encountered in Office Practice, 2020
Age-related changes in drug metabolism have been extensively investigated with regard to therapeutic agents. Although examples of serious impairment are known, usually of agents requiring oxidative metabolism, the changes are on the whole modest. These investigations have been reviewed by Anderson,1 and by Vestal and Dawson.2 Drugs for which such changes may be important include benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and a few amphetamines. Alcohol metabolism has been systematically examined and shows very modest deterioration.3
D-ribose-L-cysteine exhibits neuroprotective activity through inhibition of oxido-behavioral dysfunctions and modulated activities of neurotransmitters in the cerebellum of Juvenile mice exposed to ethanol
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Damilare Adedayo Adekomi, Olamide Janet Olajide, Omowumi Oyeronke Adewale, Akeem Ayodeji Okesina, John Olabode Fatoki, Benedict Abiola Falana, Temidayo Daniel Adeniyi, Adebiyi Aderinola Adegoke, Waliu Adetunji Ojo, Sheriffdeen Oluwabusayo Alabi
Ethanol is known to stimulate oxidative disequilibrium by increasing products of ROS generated by its metabolism, causing the reduction of antioxidants enzymes, and increasing the biomarkers of macromolecules involved in oxidative stress (Ostrowska et al. 2004, Nogales et al. 2014, Lacaille et al. 2015). Alcohol metabolism is primarily carried out by the enzymatic system present in the liver; nevertheless, some other routes can be put to use, example of these include oxidation by the catalase antioxidant enzyme, which functions as a limited-step pathway (Cederbaum 2012). Consequently, augmented systemic oxidative stress and MDA levels, as well as activation of neurodegenerative pathways, have also been previously linked with alcohol abuse (Haorah et al. 2008, Crews and Nixon 2009). Therefore, this increased level of MDA may systemically play a significant role in cellular damage, as well as initiation of several deleterious mechanisms in the brain, leading to several forms of neurological deficits and psychiatric deviations (Zakhari 2006). Previous research has reported that alcohol consumption adversely alters the level of MDA in specific regions of the rodent brain (Smith et al. 2005). The author further reported that only the level of MDA in the cerebellum was significantly affected by alcohol consumption, while the hippocampus and cortex were not affected. Observation from the level of MDA seen in this study agrees with the report of Smith et al. (2005).
Racial, ethnic, and sex differences in heavy drinking and negative alcohol-related consequences in a national sample of NCAA student-athlete drinkers
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2023
Byron L. Zamboanga,, Jennifer E. Merrill,, Janine V. Olthuis,, Jessica L. Martin,, Margeaux Cannon, Juliet T. Jarrell, Alan Meca, Jeffrey J. Milroy, David L. Wyrick,
Despite generally being at lower risk for engagement in past two-week HED and HID, being a female student-athlete was associated with a higher likelihood of experiencing greater levels of past 30-day negative ARC across all racial/ethnic groups. Moreover, and as expected, the association between the number of drinks consumed per week and odds of experiencing higher levels of negative ARC was stronger for females relative to males. In other words, after consuming the same number of drinks, females are more likely to report higher levels of negative ARC than males. Sex differences in alcohol metabolism may explain these findings given that females tend to metabolize alcohol slower than males and thus experience greater levels of intoxication after consuming the same quantity of drinks.17
Associations between Major Health Behaviors and Sleep Problems: Results from the 2015, 2016, 2017 Canadian Community Health Survey
Published in Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 2022
Emily C. Nunez, Sophia Nunes, Aini Khan, Saverio Stranges, Piotr Wilk
Despite some previous research demonstrating an association between alcohol consumption and short sleep duration, no clear pattern emerged for associations between binge drinking and sleep duration (Chaput et al., 2012; Schoenborn & Adams, 2008). However, this study found compelling evidence for a relationship between binge drinking and DIMS; among both male and female participants, all types of binge drinking were associated with higher odds of DIMS. Among females, all types of binge drinking were also associated with decreased odds of finding sleep refreshing. These findings indicate that binge drinking may have a more profound impact on sleep quality among females than males. This may be explained by sex differences in alcohol metabolism (Mancinelli et al., 2007). Overall, these results align with a previous study, which found an association between alcohol use and poor sleep quality, but not sleep duration (Lydon et al., 2016). Our results are also comparable with research demonstrating that alcohol can disturb sleep by increasing wakefulness (i.e., DIMS) and inducing lighter stages of sleep (Colrain et al., 2014).