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Surgery
Published in Seema Khan, Get Through, 2020
Metronidazole is the treatment of choice in giardiasis. It inhibits certain liver enzymes which break down the by-product of ethanol, acetaldehyde. A build-up of acetaldehyde causes flushing, tachycardia, headache and nausea.
Liver Diseases
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
Certain symptoms of hangover have been attributed to acetaldehyde, such as headache, profuse perspiration, nausea, and vomiting. This aldehyde has also been identified as the principal mediator of the disulfiram-ethanol reaction. Acetaldehyde is responsible for the interference of alcohol with the pyruvate-stimulated oxidative phosphorylation in brain mitochondria, inactivation of coenzymes, and the production of hyperglycemia.552 The mobilization of peripheral fat accompanying very large doses of ethanol may be mediated by acetaldehyde through an adrenergic mechanism.
Alcohol-Induced Hepatotoxicity
Published in Robert G. Meeks, Steadman D. Harrison, Richard J. Bull, Hepatotoxicology, 2020
All known oxidative pathways of ethanol metabolism result in the production of acetaldehyde. Its metabolism and general effects have been reviewed elsewhere (Lieber, 1982, 1988d). Acetaldehyde is converted to acetate by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, an enzyme with an interesting polymorphism and associated striking consequences in terms of ethanol intolerance and flushing, exhibited by subjects who harbor an inactive aldehyde dehydrogenase variant (Harada et al., 1980; Yoshida et al., 1984). These aspects will not be discussed in detail here; we shall focus instead on aspects of the toxicity of acetaldehyde most conspicuously related to liver injury.
L-Kynurenine participates in cancer immune evasion by downregulating hypoxic signaling in T lymphocytes
Published in OncoImmunology, 2023
Stephanie Schlichtner, Inna M. Yasinska, Elena Klenova, Maryam Abooali, Gurprit S. Lall, Steffen M. Berger, Sabrina Ruggiero, Dietmar Cholewa, Milan Milošević, Bernhard F. Gibbs, Elizaveta Fasler-Kan, Vadim V. Sumbayev
Glycolytic degradation of glucose was analyzed using a colorimetric assay as described previously21. Briefly, the assay was performed using cell lysates and the conversion of glucose into lactate in the absence of oxygen (this was achieved by employing an anaerobic chamber). Cell lysates were incubated for 1 h at 37°C with 1% glucose solution in an anaerobic chamber. 2% trichloroacetic acid solution was then used to precipitate proteins. This was followed by carbohydrate precipitation using saturated CuSO4 solution in combination with Ca(OH)2 (at a final concentration of 60 mg/mL). Lactate was then converted into acetaldehyde using concentrated H2SO4 at 90°C for 1 min and cooled on ice. Acetaldehyde was detected using the veratrole (1,2-dimethoxybenzene) test. MGO was also detected colorimetrically in the cell culture medium following biochemical modifications.21 Briefly, MGO was condensed with reduced GSH (1 mM) for 10 min at 37°C. The complex was then converted into lactate by glyoxalases I and II at pH 8.0 (glyoxalase I converted the complex into D-lactoyl-glutathione, which was then transformed into lactate by glyoxalase II). Lactate was then measured colorimetrically, as described above.
Analyses on the influence of normal nasal morphological variations on odorant transport to the olfactory cleft
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2022
Ryan M. Sicard, Reanna Shah, Dennis O. Frank-Ito
The three odorants examined in this study – limonene, acetaldehyde, and 2,4-dinitrotoluene – vary in terms of their physical properties. Limonene is a relatively insoluble odorant with a lemon-like odor and is considered to have a low level of toxicity (Sun 2007). Acetaldehyde carries a sharp and fruity odor and is miscible in proportions with water and most organic solvents (National Center for Biotechnology Information 2004b). 2,4- Dinitrotoluene is a highly toxic and soluble odorant with a slight odor (Agency USE). Given that limonene has a very low toxicity level according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and that the revised Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) concentration for acetaldehyde was deemed to be 2000 ppm, these two odorants (limonene and acetaldehyde) were simulated at safe exposure concentration of 200 ppm (Howard 1994). However, because the IDLH concentration for dinitrotoluene is 6.71 ppm, a much lower exposure concentration of 0.20 ppm was simulated (Agency USE).
College students’ use of strategies to hide facial flushing: A target for alcohol education
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2020
Karen G. Chartier, E. Clare Tiarsmith, Taryn O'Shea, Kenneth S. Kendler, Danielle M. Dick
The aforementioned buildup of acetaldehyde (a toxic compound) is associated with several discomforts while drinking alcohol, including increased skin temperature, feeling hot and reddening of the face, increased heart and respiration rate, nausea, and headache.3 Studies show that these discomforts are not always enough to prevent risky alcohol consumption among individuals who experience alcohol-related flushing, including college students.4–6 The result for those who continue to drink despite experiencing facial flushing is an increased exposure to acetaldehyde and the associated risk for serious health consequences. Even light drinking, for individuals who carry the ALDH2*2 genetic marker, is associated with a higher risk for head and neck cancers.7ALDH2*2 carriers who drink are also more prone to liver disease and pancreatitis.1 College students of European ancestry who carry the ADH1B*2 variant report more intense or unpleasant reactions, like headaches, at low levels of drinking;8 however, evidence for ALDH2’s association with cancer and other diseases is stronger than for ADH1B.1