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Facts about Standardization of Herbal Medicines
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Vandana Garg, Ghazala Zia, Mahima Chauhan, Rohit Dutt
The presence of chemical constituents present in the crude drugs can be estimated qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative estimation can be done by the confirmation of different tests in which change in color confirms the presence of the active constituents. Drangendroff’s, Mayer’s, Hager’s, Wagner’s test confirms the presence of alkaloids in herbal drugs. The presence of glycosides may be confirmed by the performing modified Bontrager’s tests. Million’s test confirms the presence of amino acids. Drugs containing fixed oil, volatile oil, waxes, and balsams, generally acid value, iodine value, ester value, saponification value, and weight per ml are calculated. These tests confirm the presence and different classes of secondary metabolites.
Standardization of Herbal Drugs
Published in Ravindra Kumar Pandey, Shiv Shankar Shukla, Amber Vyas, Vishal Jain, Parag Jain, Shailendra Saraf, Fingerprinting Analysis and Quality Control Methods of Herbal Medicines, 2018
Ravindra Kumar Pandey, Shiv Shankar Shukla, Amber Vyas, Vishal Jain, Parag Jain, Shailendra Saraf
Most drugs have definite chemical constituents to which their biological or pharmacological activity is attributed. They can be separated by different chemical tests and assays. The isolation, purification, and identification of active constituents are chemical methods of evaluation. Qualitative chemical tests are used to identify certain drugs or to test their purity. The isolation, purification, and identification of active constituents are based on chemical methods of evaluation. Qualitative chemical tests are used in the detection of adulteration. The chemical evaluation also covers phytochemical screening carried out for establishing the chemical profile of a drug. Qualitative chemical tests include acid value, saponification value, and so on. Some of these are useful in the evaluation of resins (acid value, sulphated ash), balsams (acid value, saponification value, and bester values), volatile oils (acetyl and ester values), and gums (methoxy determination and volatile acidity).
A-Z of Standardisation, Pre-Clinical, Clinical and Toxicological Data
Published in Saroya Amritpal Singh, Regulatory and Pharmacological Basis of Ayurvedic Formulations, 2017
Acid values of Sample A, B, and C of Brahmi Ghrita were 4.26, 4.03, and 4.03; the Saponification values of Samples A, B, and C of Brahmi Ghrita were 227.2, 230.01, and 230.01, and the Iodine values of Samples A, B, and C were 34.75, 35.88, and 35.88, respectively, and the Acid value, Saponification value, and Iodine value of Purana Ghrita were 1.57, 199.15, and 31.04, respectively (Yadav et al. 2013).
Topical creams of piperine loaded lipid nanocarriers for management of atopic dermatitis: development, characterization, and in vivo investigation using BALB/c mice model
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2022
Pravin Kumar, Dinesh Kumar Sharma, Mahendra Singh Ashawat
The acid value is associated with the free fatty acids content. A free acid content higher than 6.5 can leads to skin irritation following application on the skin (Ashawat et al.2008). The acid values of all the cream formulations were acceptable with less potential for skin irritation. The saponification value reflects the presence of free esters, which can influence the formula stability and pH. A saponification value in the range of 10 to 30 is generally acceptable (neither too low nor too high) for the skin formulations (Saraf et al.2010). The saponification values of all the creams were acceptable and satisfactory for formulation stability. No significant difference was observed in the results of viscosity, spreadability, acid, and saponification value of piperine creams and base cream. The drug content of all the formulations was satisfactory and acceptable.
Chemical composition, anti-toxoplasma, cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory potentials of Cola gigantea seed oil
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2019
O. Atolani, H. Oguntoye, E. T. Areh, O. S. Adeyemi, L. Kambizi
The physico-chemical characteristics of the seed oil of C. gigantea are shown in Table 1. The oil had saponification value of 45.623 mg KOH/g. This value was considerably low considering its potential for industrial purposes (such as soap manufacture) and the suitability for human consumption. According to Codex Standards for Edible Fats and Oils, the maximum level of acid value permitted for refined fats and oils is 0.6 mg KOH/g fat or oil. The acid value recorded for C. gigantea in this study is 0.25 mg/g. The acid value of the oil is within a range acceptable for edible purposes. The low acid value of oil is an indication for stability over a long period of time. The low acid value of the oil also reveals that the oil would be less susceptible to rancidity.
Acute kidney injury in patients with cancer receiving anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis
Published in Renal Failure, 2023
Qianqian Lou, Jianguang Gong, Binxian Ye, Rizhen Yu, Shuangshan Bu, Yiwen Li, Bin Zhu, Lina Shao
We identified a total of 2065 patients who had been treated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies, including 482 patients without baseline creatinine values, 131 patients without follow-up creatinine values, 4 patients with baseline estimated GFR (eGFR) <15 mL/min/1.73 m2, and 30 patients who were considered to have obstructive or hemodynamic AKI (Figure 1). Overall, 1418 patients were included in our cohort, including 1025 males (72.3%), and the median age was 66 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 58–72) with a baseline eGFR value of 99.43 (IQR: 83.3–117.68) mL/min/1.73 m2. The proportion of patients who smoked and drank alcohol was not low: 424 patients (29.9%) had a history of smoking and 295 patients (20.8%) had a history of alcohol intake. The most common type of tumor was lung cancer 462 (32.6%), followed by gastrointestinal tumor in 379 (26.7%) and 323 (22.8%) cases of hepatobiliary pancreas tumor. Approximately 32.5% of patients had a history of hypertension. A total of 214 patients (15.1%) had diabetes, and only 13 patients (0.9%) had preexisting chronic kidney disease before treatment was initiated. Regarding laboratory measures, the baseline serum uric acid value was 303 (IQR: 244.3–371.0) µmol/L, and the hemoglobin and albumin levels were 11.9 (IQR: 10.6–13.2) g/dL and 36.1 (IQR: 32.9–39.3) g/L, respectively. A large proportion of patients (87.2%) also received PPI treatment, while 1013 (71.4%) patients had received anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibody treatment combined with other types of chemotherapy agents. More than half of patients (55.5%) received iohexol during anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibody therapy. Moreover, 62 (4.4%) patients died during follow-up.