China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Obstetrics: Answers
Published in Euan Kevelighan, Jeremy Gasson, Makiya Ashraf, Get Through MRCOG Part 2: Short Answer Questions, 2020
Euan Kevelighan, Jeremy Gasson, Makiya Ashraf
The patient should be informed of the potential risks and benefits of aciclovir, as it is not licensed for use in pregnancy (1). Aciclovir reduces the severity and duration of symptoms and decreases viral shedding (1). The patient should be screened for other sexually transmitted infections (1).
Skin disorders in AIDS, immunodeficiency and venereal disease
Published in Ronald Marks, Richard Motley, Common Skin Diseases, 2019
Ganciclovir and foscarnet are indicated for cytomegalovirus complications. Aciclovir is used for herpes simplex and herpes zoster. Various antibiotics and other antimicrobials are used as indicated for the bacterial infections. Fluconazole, itraconazole and ketoconazole are particularly useful for the serious and life-threatening Candida infections. Recombinant interferon-alpha 2B and other interferons have been used with some success in Kaposi’s sarcoma. The new retinoid bexarotene (Targretin®) is used topically to induce regression in individual lesions.
Benign Oral and Dental Disease
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Konrad S. Staines, Alexander Crighton
Herpes Zoster virus (HZV) causes similar clinical lesions as found in HSV but the primary infection (chicken pox) has skin lesions as well as the oral vesicles/ulcers and systemic fever. The HZV virus is more neuropathic than HSV and the characteristic difference when recurrent lesions (shingles) appear in the mouth or on the face is pain in the affected area, which may precede the onset of the vesicular rash. Shingles should always be treated with aciclovir to reduce the cumulative nerve damage that can lead to post-herpetic neuralgia. The medication should be started with the onset of pain and continued until the rash has cleared. The dose of aciclovir needed to treat HZV is higher than with HSV and similarly, if daily prophylaxis against recurrent HZV is to be given, the dose must be raised above that used for HSV.
Viral Acute Anterior Uveitis: Clinical Signs Useful for Differential Diagnosis
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2021
Massimo Accorinti, Luigi Petitti, Aurelia Gaeta, Daniela Giannini, Daniele De Geronimo
Furthermore, we selected a validation group of new patients with a diagnosis of AAU observed after 2012 to validate the use of a combination of clinical parameters to assess the viral or non-viral etiology of uveitis. The validation group comprised 66 patients, 32 males and 34 females, with a mean age at uveitis onset of 39.6 ± 18.6 years. Thirty-three patients, 17 males and 16 females, were diagnosed with viral uveitis. Of these, 14 tested positive on aqueous analysis, six showed uveitis shortly after a herpes zoster ophthalmicus infection with no serologic evidence of other possible uveitic etiology, one presented AAU in combination with a systemic CMV infection (serum IgM positive, IgG negative) and 12 showed clinical features suggesting viral etiology without serologic evidence for other possible etiology. They also responded adequately to antiviral therapy, systemic (acyclovir 2400–4000 mg/day in the acute phase) and/or local (ganciclovir gel 5 times/day), in combination with topical corticosteroid treatment. The remaining 33 patients were affected by other forms of AAU: 16 (48.5%) were HLA-B27+, 11 idiopathic (33.3%), 3 suffered from ankylosing spondylitis (9.1%) 2 from psoriasis (6%) and 1 from fibromialgia (3%).
Acyclovir-Loaded Nanoemulsions: Preparation, Characterization and Irritancy Studies for Ophthalmic Delivery
Published in Current Eye Research, 2021
Mojdeh Mohammadi, Zohreh Elahimehr, Mohammad Mehdi Mahboobian
Acyclovir (ACV) is an antiviral drug primarily used to treat HSV infections and available in numerous forms such as tablet, suspension, intravenous injection, topical and ophthalmic ointment. As a guanosine analog, ACV can obstruct the virus replication process in the elongation step by inhibiting the viral DNA formation competitively.4–6 Zovirax® ophthalmic ointment is the only available dosage form of ACV, commonly used to treat topical herpes keratitis in Europe. Frequent administration (5 times daily) along with the existence of ingredients such as Vaseline in the formulation may cause blurred vision and irritation which are leading to low patient compliance.7 Bottlenecks such as poor solubility in water, rapid clearing from the blood system, low lipophilicity, and finally insufficient absorption or bioavailability of ACV in treating ocular viral infections have remained issues for the researchers and pharmaceutical manufactures to develop an efficient ophthalmic dosage form of ACV.8,9
Potential of mucoadhesive chitosan glutamate microparticles as microbicide carriers – antiherpes activity and penetration behavior across the human vaginal epithelium
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Emilia Szymańska, Małgorzata Krzyżowska, Krzysztof Cal, Barbara Mikolaszek, Jakub Tomaszewski, Sławomir Wołczyński, Katarzyna Winnicka
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including bacterial, viral, and parasites infections are relevant and still existing public health issues worldwide (Shannon & Klausner, 2018; Seña et al., 2020; World Health Organization, 2021). In recent years, the prevalence of genital herpes caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2 (HSV-1/2) has gradually increased, and resistance to conventional antiviral drugs (e.g. acyclovir) has been reported (McQuillan et al., 2018). HSV increases the risk of HIV acquisition by forming breaches in the genital epithelium and creating a state of chronic inflammation. It should be noted that HSV is able to reactivate periodically, allowing the transmission to occur, even in the absence of clinical symptoms (Sauerbrei, 2016). At present, the conventional treatment (by oral acyclovir and its analogues) does not cure but basically help to reduce the duration and severity of recurrent genital herpes. Therefore, there is a need to develop novel strategies aiming at preventing either new infection or frequent recurrence of HSV episodes.