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Apiaceae Plants Growing in the East
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Sherweit El-Ahmady, Nehal Ibrahim, Nermeen Farag, Sara Gabr
Volatile constituents remain the most widely used and studied components of C. sativum due to their relevance to most of coriander biological activities. However, it should be noted that essential oil composition is affected by several factors including the cultivar, geographical origin, growing conditions, harvesting time, post-harvest processing, storage duration and conditions and, most significantly, plant organ and developmental stage. All organs produce oil to different degrees: fruits, seeds, leaves, stems, flowers and roots. (E)-2-Decenal is the main constituent of coriander leaves oil, while stems contain 1-ethenyl-cyclododecanol and phytol (Chung et al. 2012, Wei et al. 2019). Linalool is the major component of mature fruit oil accounting for 25–87.5% of the oil (Msaada et al. 2009). Linalool content below 55% is usually associated with coriander native to Asia. Aldehydes constitute collectively about 49.22% of coriander roots oil and the major compound is 2-dodecenal (41.82%). Flowers’ oil contains linalool and citronellol as main constituents (Punetha et al. 2018).
Natural Variability of Essential Oil Components
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
A similar phenomenon has been described for the related coriander (Coriandrum sativum). In the fruits of this species, linalool is the characteristic main compound, reaching more than 90% of the total essential oil in ripe seeds. At the beginning of seed development, besides linalool, the ratio of (E)-2-decenal is characteristically high (above 15%–20%) but later, during seed development, the later one decreases (Varga et al., 2012).
Can Plasmodium’s tricks for enhancing its transmission be turned against the parasite? New hopes for vector control
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2019
S. Noushin Emami, Melika Hajkazemian, Raimondas Mozūraitis
It is well documented that mosquito search behavior for hosts is triggered by olfactory perception of VOCs emitted from animals and humans [30,42,43]. Plasmodium parasites are able to increase the infected host attraction to vectors by manipulating host-VOC profiles [30,44]. A recent study demonstrated increases in the production of the heptanal, octanal, nonanal, (E)-2-octenal, (E)-2-decenal and 2-octanone by malaria parasite-infected Kenyan children. Increases were broadly associated with infections with high malaria parasite load, compared to patients having either low malaria parasite density or being parasite-free [44]. Kelly et al. [45] reported that P. falciparum infected erythrocytes released few VOCs under in vitro culture conditions. Amounts of the monoterpene, α-pinene, were higher in the samples containing erythrocytes infected by P. falciparum strain 3D7-MR4 at 2% parasitemia compared to those bearing uninfected erythrocytes as well as to the samples containing infected erythrocytes treated with 5 µM of fosmidomycin [45], an inhibitor of parasite isoprenoid biosynthesis by affecting the first enzyme of the MEP pathway, deoxyxylulose phosphate reductoisomerase [46, 47]. Identification of other four compounds, namely, 3,5-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole, 6-hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxy-naphtho[2,3-c]furan-1(3H)-one, 4,5,9,10-dehydro-isolongifolene and 8,9-dehydro-9-formyl cycloisolongifolene is putative, due to insufficient match factors of mass spectra obtained from analytes and those available in electronic libraries as well as the absence of standards during identification [45]. Recently, Emami and colleagues [11] showed that a P. falciparum-derived compound, HMBPP, significantly enhances the release of CO2 by 16% in the headspace of treated erythrocytes compared to untreated cells. HMBPP addition also increased the release of three monoterpenes, α- and ß-pinene and limonene by 1.2-to-1.6 fold as well as three aldehydes octanal, nonanal and decanal by 1.7-to-5.2 fold. A mixture of all seven components was essential to trigger the host-seeking behavior of An. gambiae s.s. under laboratory conditions. These findings suggest the mechanism which underpins the Plasmodium’s requirement to manipulate their mosquito hosts in order to elevate the odds of infection to a degree sufficient for success at sustained transmission. These elements of the chemical signaling belonged to three main categories of volatiles, CO2, aldehydes and terpenes and appear highly evolved between these parasites and their definitive hosts, suggesting a powerful selection and survival advantage linked to it [11].