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Every Child and Adolescent, Everywhere
Published in Vincent La Placa, Julia Morgan, Social Science Perspectives on Global Public Health, 2023
Abidemi Okechukwu, Babasola O. Okusanya, John Ehiri
A child, as defined by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), is ‘a human being below the age of 18 years unless, under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier’ (OHCHR, 1989; UNICEF, 2021). Most countries consider the age of 18 years to be the legal threshold for childhood. Previously, children were regarded as ‘little’ adults, erroneously creating the impression that health and life outcomes largely depended on genetic factors (Kotch, 2013). However, over the last four decades, scientific evidence has shown that an individual’s growth and development are mostly shaped by the environment in which the individual is born, grows, lives, plays, and attends school (Marmot et al., 2008). Adolescence is a phase of life between childhood and adulthood. The World Health Organization defines adolescence as a period between the ages of 10 and 19 years and youths as people between the ages of 10 and 24 years (WHO, n.d.). This chapter will explore theories and contemporary global health issues of children and adolescents and their intersections with social and structural determinants of health.
Endocrine Disorders
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Lisa Spence, Nana Adwoa Gletsu Miller, Tamara S. Hannon
Carbohydrates in foods and beverages have the greatest impact on blood glucose levels with both the amount and type of carbohydrate important to consider. Patients are often consuming a typical Western diet thus will need to reduce carbohydrate intake to meet the 45%–55% of energy goal. Carbohydrate goals for each meal should be prescribed to help reach this target. Whole grains, legumes, fruits, vegetables, milk, and yogurt as key carbohydrate sources should be encouraged daily to provide adequate dietary fiber and essential vitamins and minerals in the diets of children and adolescents. The percentage of energy ingested from carbohydrate will vary and is individualized based on nutrition assessment (energy needs, usual eating habits, preferences, activity levels) and treatment goals (blood glucose and lipid goals) of the patient. The meal plan should coordinate carbohydrate intake (carbohydrate counting) with insulin dosing using a general rule of approximately 1 unit of rapid-acting insulin needed for every 4–15 g of carbohydrate based on pubertal stage, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity level.
Sexual and Reproductive Health in Forced Migration
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Maria Garcia de Frutos, Robin Lowenthal, Zahra Ameen, Kopal Singhal Agarwal, Chawan Baran, Black Benjamin, Shortall Clare
Adolescence is defined as the period between 10 and 19 years of age. It is a continuum of physical, cognitive, behavioural and psychosocial change that is characterised by increasing levels of individual autonomy, a growing sense of identity and self-esteem, and progressive independence from adults.6
Investigating material basis and molecular mechanism of Qing Cuo formula in the treatment of acne based on animal experiments, UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS and network pharmacology
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Yanqi Cao, Jinfeng Liang, Chunguo Wang, Xuejie Bao, Siqi Li, Qi Liu, Bin Zeng, David Humberto Lopez, Ruoxi Yu
Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disease of hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Studies have found that up to 95% of the population have been effected by acne at different degrees (Ju 2019). It was reported in Europe that 95% of adolescents are affected by acne, causing serious physical and psychological damage (Zouboulis and Bettoli 2015). Modern medicine indicates that acne is a multifactorial disease, and its occurrence is mainly related to factors such as sex hormone levels, sebum secretion, Propionibacterium proliferation, keratinization of hair follicle sebaceous gland ducts and inflammatory response (Eichenfield et al. 2021). Modern medical treatments for acne mainly include general treatment, drug treatment and changes in lifestyle. Commonly used western medicines include spironolactone, cimetidine, glucocorticoids, retinoic acid drugs, antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide, etc. Some new drugs such as oral contraceptives, zinc products, and 5α-reductase inhibitors were also employed (Fox et al. 2016; Cervantes et al. 2018). However, western medicine treatment of acne has many side effects, including skin irritation, gastrointestinal irritation and teratogenicity; the rise of drug resistance has greatly reduced the utility (Fox et al. 2016; Mavranezouli et al. 2022). So safe and effective treatment options for acne are needed to address side effects and increasing rates of antibiotic resistance from current treatments.
Understanding changes in eating behavior during the transition to university from a self-determination theory perspective: a systematic review
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2023
Myles A. Maillet, Frederick M. E. Grouzet
Losing regular eating patterns and routines may also explain why students consume fewer healthy foods when transitioning into university. Without strong habits or access to healthy foods, students may simply eat less often and replace more meals with snacks. These findings are consistent with recent research showing that that adolescents who do not eat regular meals tend to eat less fruits, vegetables, and other healthy foods.58,59 Seemingly, eating fewer healthy foods drives the decrease in total food consumption. We did not find strong evidence of changes in unhealthy food consumption during this transition, which may be due to significant heterogeneity in changes across students, universities, and cultures. Even if consumption of unhealthy foods remains stable, we speculate that students feel like they eat more given the increased proportion of these foods in their diet. Importantly, these findings imply a possible shift in students’ use of healthy eating approach (i.e., trying to eat healthy foods) and avoidance strategies (i.e., trying to avoid unhealthy foods), which should be explored further.
A Longitudinal Study of Insomnia, Daytime Sleepiness, and Academic Performance in Chinese Adolescents
Published in Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 2022
Liying Zhang, Yanyun Yang, Yachen Luo, Zhen-Zhen Liu, Cun-Xian Jia, Xianchen Liu
Insufficient sleep and insomnia are common causes of daytime sleepiness in adolescents (Amaral et al., 2017; Chan et al., 2020; Hansen et al., 2017; Liu, Yang et al., 2019). Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is another prevelent sleep problem in adolsecents (Liu et al., 2017). Daytime sleepiness can reduce cognitive capabilities and functioning and has negative impacts on academic performance (Anderson, Storfer-Isser, Taylor, Rosen & Redline, 2009; Buckhalt, 2011; Liu et al., 2016; Macchitella et al., 2020). However, previous studies have shown mixed results regarding the impact of daytime sleepiness on academic performance. For instance, a study of primary school children in Italy suggested that daytime sleepiness had negative impacts on verbal abilities, reading comprehension, spelling, and mathematic skills (Macchitella et al., 2020). In a study of 457 first-year medical college students (the median age was 20 years) in Morocco, 37% of participants reported having EDS, but daytime sleepiness and academic performance was not significantly related (Hangouche et al., 2018).